The PowerPoint presentation help with 10 slide
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Must follow grading rubric!! – ## Module3Assessment.html.zip **## Module3Assessment.html.zip** ## Module 3 Assessment.html Submit your complete assignment by clicking the blue submit button at the bottom of the page. We recommend that you submit your work on Sunday of the week that you start the mod…
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– ## Module3Assessment.html.zip
**## Module3Assessment.html.zip**
## Module 3 Assessment.html
Submit your complete assignment by clicking the blue submit button at the bottom of the page. We recommend that you submit your work on Sunday of the week that you start the module.
HOMEWORK
## Assignment Instructions
In an accounting system, there are five main components. Each part has a different job and accomplishes a different step in the financial reporting process. The five components are source documents, input devices, information processors, information storage, and output devices. During this Module, we have also focused on the special journals including the sales, cash receipts, purchases, cash payments and general journal.
For this assignment, you have been asked to analyze the sales journal specifically, and create a PowerPoint presentation explaining the process of journalizing, posting to the subsidiary ledger and posting to the general ledger. Be sure to include in your summary, the process for proving the ledgers.
## Length/Formatting Instructions
| | |
| — | — |
| Font | 12 point, Times New Roman or Calibri Font |
| Program/File Type | Submit in Word |
| Attachments | Should be pasted into the Word document if possible. |
| Referencing system | APA referencing system is necessary in assignments, especially material copied from the Internet.<br>For examples of correct citations, visit the following links:<br>[http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/01/](http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/01/) |
| File Name | Lastname_firstname_[Course Code]_M[Module #] Assignment |
## M3 Assignment Grading Rubric
Your work will be evaluated on the following criteria:
| | | | | |
| — | — | — | — | — |
| CATEGORY | Exemplary | Satisfactory | Unsatisfactory | Unacceptable |
| Journalizing (20 points) | 20 points<br> <br>The presentation contains a comprehensive overview of the journalizing process. | 16 points<br> <br>The presentation has an adequate overview of the journalizing process, but is not comprehensive. | 8 points<br> <br>The presentation does not include a comprehensive overview of the journalizing process. | 0 points<br> <br>The presentation does not meet the requirements. |
| Posting to the subsidiary ledger (20 points) | 20 points<br>The presentation contains a comprehensive overview of the posting to the subsidiary ledger process. | 16 points<br>The presentation has an adequate overview of the posting to the subsidiary ledger process, but is not comprehensive. | 8 points<br>The presentation does not include a comprehensive overview of the posting to the subsidiary ledger process. | 0 points<br>The presentation does not meet the requirements. |
| Posting to the general ledger (20 points) | 20 points<br>The presentation contains a comprehensive overview of the posting to the general ledger process. | 16 points<br>The presentation has an adequate overview of the posting to the general ledger process, but is not comprehensive. | 8 points <br>The presentation does not include a comprehensive overview of the posting to the general ledger process. | 0 points<br>The presentation does not meet the requirements. |
| Summary (20 points) | 20 points<br>The presentation contains comprehensive summary of the process for proving the ledgers. | 16 points<br>The presentation has an adequate summary of the process for proving the ledgers, but is not comprehensive. | 8 points<br>The presentation does not include a comprehensive summary of the process for proving the ledgers. | 0 points<br>The presentation does not meet the requirements. |
| Writing Style—Organization, Transitions, Tone (10 points) | 10 points<br> <br>The assignment is written with excellent organization, thoughtful transitions, and the appropriate tone. | 8 points<br> <br>This writing assignment is adequately organized, but has some errors in the transitions or the tone. | 4 points<br> <br>This writing assignment is poorly organized, or it contains ineffective transitions and/or inappropriate tone. | 0 points<br> <br>This writing assignment displays little to no organization or transitions, and/or does not use the appropriate tone. |
| APA Format—Citations and References (10 points) | 10 points<br>All sources used for quotes and facts are credible and cited, and the references and in-text citations are all properly formatted. Each reference has an in-text citation and in-text citation has a reference. | 8 points<br>All sources used for quotes and facts are credible and cited, but slight errors are present in the format of the in-text citations or references. Or there may be one in-text citation or reference missing. | 4 points<br>Some sources used for quotes and facts are either not credible or there are significant errors in the in-text citations and/or references. Or there are multiple missing in-text citations or references. | 0 points<br>The sources used for quotes and facts are not credible and/or not cited. The in-text citations and/or references are not present. |
[Submit Assignment](https://www.sweetstudy.com/d2l/common/dialogs/quickLink/quickLink.d2l?ou=23713&type=dropbox&rcode=ashworth-213649)
**## Module3Assessment.html.zip**
## Module 3 Assessment.html
Submit your complete assignment by clicking the blue submit button at the bottom of the page. We recommend that you submit your work on Sunday of the week that you start the module.
HOMEWORK
## Assignment Instructions
In an accounting system, there are five main components. Each part has a different job and accomplishes a different step in the financial reporting process. The five components are source documents, input devices, information processors, information storage, and output devices. During this Module, we have also focused on the special journals including the sales, cash receipts, purchases, cash payments and general journal.
For this assignment, you have been asked to analyze the sales journal specifically, and create a PowerPoint presentation explaining the process of journalizing, posting to the subsidiary ledger and posting to the general ledger. Be sure to include in your summary, the process for proving the ledgers.
## Length/Formatting Instructions
| | |
| — | — |
| Font | 12 point, Times New Roman or Calibri Font |
| Program/File Type | Submit in Word |
| Attachments | Should be pasted into the Word document if possible. |
| Referencing system | APA referencing system is necessary in assignments, especially material copied from the Internet.<br>For examples of correct citations, visit the following links:<br>[http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/01/](http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/01/) |
| File Name | Lastname_firstname_[Course Code]_M[Module #] Assignment |
## M3 Assignment Grading Rubric
Your work will be evaluated on the following criteria:
| | | | | |
| — | — | — | — | — |
| CATEGORY | Exemplary | Satisfactory | Unsatisfactory | Unacceptable |
| Journalizing (20 points) | 20 points<br> <br>The presentation contains a comprehensive overview of the journalizing process. | 16 points<br> <br>The presentation has an adequate overview of the journalizing process, but is not comprehensive. | 8 points<br> <br>The presentation does not include a comprehensive overview of the journalizing process. | 0 points<br> <br>The presentation does not meet the requirements. |
| Posting to the subsidiary ledger (20 points) | 20 points<br>The presentation contains a comprehensive overview of the posting to the subsidiary ledger process. | 16 points<br>The presentation has an adequate overview of the posting to the subsidiary ledger process, but is not comprehensive. | 8 points<br>The presentation does not include a comprehensive overview of the posting to the subsidiary ledger process. | 0 points<br>The presentation does not meet the requirements. |
| Posting to the general ledger (20 points) | 20 points<br>The presentation contains a comprehensive overview of the posting to the general ledger process. | 16 points<br>The presentation has an adequate overview of the posting to the general ledger process, but is not comprehensive. | 8 points <br>The presentation does not include a comprehensive overview of the posting to the general ledger process. | 0 points<br>The presentation does not meet the requirements. |
| Summary (20 points) | 20 points<br>The presentation contains comprehensive summary of the process for proving the ledgers. | 16 points<br>The presentation has an adequate summary of the process for proving the ledgers, but is not comprehensive. | 8 points<br>The presentation does not include a comprehensive summary of the process for proving the ledgers. | 0 points<br>The presentation does not meet the requirements. |
| Writing Style—Organization, Transitions, Tone (10 points) | 10 points<br> <br>The assignment is written with excellent organization, thoughtful transitions, and the appropriate tone. | 8 points<br> <br>This writing assignment is adequately organized, but has some errors in the transitions or the tone. | 4 points<br> <br>This writing assignment is poorly organized, or it contains ineffective transitions and/or inappropriate tone. | 0 points<br> <br>This writing assignment displays little to no organization or transitions, and/or does not use the appropriate tone. |
| APA Format—Citations and References (10 points) | 10 points<br>All sources used for quotes and facts are credible and cited, and the references and in-text citations are all properly formatted. Each reference has an in-text citation and in-text citation has a reference. | 8 points<br>All sources used for quotes and facts are credible and cited, but slight errors are present in the format of the in-text citations or references. Or there may be one in-text citation or reference missing. | 4 points<br>Some sources used for quotes and facts are either not credible or there are significant errors in the in-text citations and/or references. Or there are multiple missing in-text citations or references. | 0 points<br>The sources used for quotes and facts are not credible and/or not cited. The in-text citations and/or references are not present. |
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Must follow grading Rubric!! – ## Module6Assessment.html.zip **## Module6Assessment.html.zip** ## Module 6 Assessment.html Submit your complete assignment by clicking the blue submit button at the bottom of the page. We recommend that you submit your work on Sunday of the week that you start the mod…
Immediate access to the full model answer, formatted citations, and rubric breakdown.
Have this question answered from scratch according to your specific instructions and deadline.
Order on TutorsGallery →Must follow grading Rubric!!
– ## Module6Assessment.html.zip
**## Module6Assessment.html.zip**
## Module 6 Assessment.html
Submit your complete assignment by clicking the blue submit button at the bottom of the page. We recommend that you submit your work on Sunday of the week that you start the module.
HOMEWORK
[**Assignment Instructions** \
Bad debts for accounts receivables are something that every organization needs to prepare for and also understand how to estimate and record the uncollectible accounts receivables for a certain period. Generally Accept Accounting Principles (GAAP) allows businesses two option to write off bad debts: 1.) Direct Write-Off Method or 2.) Allowance Method.\
\
Based on the information that you have learned in the module, you have been asked to create a PowerPoint presentation that provides the procedures for using both of the methods. In addition, you should provide your reasoning for which method that you believe the organization should use. Providing specific examples of how the methods are completed is also required. Please review the rubric for specific information on how the PPT presentation will be graded. Your presentation should be a minimum of slides that does not include the cover slide or the references slide.\
**Length/Formatting Instructions**\
\
| | |\
| — | — |\
| Font | 12 point, Times New Roman or Calibri Font |\
| Program/File Type | Submit in Word |\
| Attachments | Should be pasted into the Word document if possible. |\
| Referencing system | APA referencing system is necessary in assignments, especially material copied from the Internet.<br>For examples of correct citations, visit the following links:<br>[http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/01/](http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/01/) |\
| File Name | Lastname_firstname_[Course Code]_M[Module #] Assignment |\
\
**M6 Assignment Grading Rubric** \
Your work will be evaluated on the following criteria:\
\
| | | | | |\
| — | — | — | — | — |\
| CATEGORY | Exemplary | Satisfactory | Unsatisfactory | Unacceptable |\
| Overview of the Methods (20 points) | 20 points<br> <br>The presentation contains a comprehensive overview of the two bad debt reporting methods. | 16 points<br> <br>The presentation has an adequate overview of the two bad debt reporting methods but is not comprehensive. | 8 points<br> <br>The presentation does not include a comprehensive overview of the two bad debt reporting methods. | 0 points<br> <br>The presentation does not meet the requirements. |\
| Comparison/Contrast of Bad Debt Reporting Methods (20 points) | 20 points<br> <br>The presentation contains a comprehensive comparison between bad debt methods. | 16 points<br> <br>The presentation has an adequate comparison but is not comprehensive. | 8 points<br> <br>The presentation does not include a comprehensive comparison. | 0 points<br> <br>The presentation does not meet the requirements. |\
| Specific Steps of the Bad Debt Reporting Methods (20 points) | 20 points<br> <br>The presentation contains a comprehensive overview of how each method is recorded in the accounting ledgers. | 16 points<br> <br>The presentation has an adequate overview of how each method is recorded in the accounting ledgers, but is not comprehensive. | 8 points<br> <br>The presentation does not include a comprehensive overview of how each method is recorded in the accounting ledgers. | 0 points<br> <br>The presentation does not meet the requirements. |\
| Summary/Recommendations (20 points) | 20 points<br> <br>The presentation contains comprehensive recommendations of which bad debt reporting method should be used by the organization. | 16 points<br> <br>The presentation has an adequate summary on which bad debt reporting method should be used by the organization, but is not comprehensive. | 8 points<br> <br>The presentation does not include a comprehensive summary on which bad debt reporting method should be used by the organization. | 0 points<br> <br>The presentation does not meet the requirements. |\
| Writing Style—Organization, Transitions, Tone (10 points) | 10 points<br> <br>The assignment is written with excellent organization, thoughtful transitions, and the appropriate tone. | 8 points<br> <br>This writing assignment is adequately organized, but has some errors in the transitions or the tone. | 4 points<br> <br>This writing assignment is poorly organized, or it contains ineffective transitions and/or inappropriate tone. | 0 points<br> <br>This writing assignment displays little to no organization or transitions, and/or does not use the appropriate tone. |\
| APA Format—Citations and References (10 points) | 10 points<br> <br>All sources used for quotes and facts are credible and cited, and the references and in-text citations are all properly formatted. Each reference has an in-text citation and in-text citation has a reference. | 8 points<br> <br>All sources used for quotes and facts are credible and cited, but slight errors are present in the format of the in-text citations or references. Or there may be one in-text citation or reference missing. | 4 points<br> <br>Some sources used for quotes and facts are either not credible or there are significant errors in the in-text citations and/or references. Or there are multiple missing in-text citations or references. | 0 points<br> <br>The sources used for quotes and facts are not credible and/or not cited. The in-text citations and/or references are not present. |](https://www.sweetstudy.com/d2l/common/dialogs/quickLink/quickLink.d2l?ou=23713&type=dropbox&rcode=ashworth-213741) [Submit Assignment](https://www.sweetstudy.com/d2l/common/dialogs/quickLink/quickLink.d2l?ou=23713&type=dropbox&rcode=ashworth-213741)
**## Module6Assessment.html.zip**
## Module 6 Assessment.html
Submit your complete assignment by clicking the blue submit button at the bottom of the page. We recommend that you submit your work on Sunday of the week that you start the module.
HOMEWORK
[**Assignment Instructions** \
Bad debts for accounts receivables are something that every organization needs to prepare for and also understand how to estimate and record the uncollectible accounts receivables for a certain period. Generally Accept Accounting Principles (GAAP) allows businesses two option to write off bad debts: 1.) Direct Write-Off Method or 2.) Allowance Method.\
\
Based on the information that you have learned in the module, you have been asked to create a PowerPoint presentation that provides the procedures for using both of the methods. In addition, you should provide your reasoning for which method that you believe the organization should use. Providing specific examples of how the methods are completed is also required. Please review the rubric for specific information on how the PPT presentation will be graded. Your presentation should be a minimum of slides that does not include the cover slide or the references slide.\
**Length/Formatting Instructions**\
\
| | |\
| — | — |\
| Font | 12 point, Times New Roman or Calibri Font |\
| Program/File Type | Submit in Word |\
| Attachments | Should be pasted into the Word document if possible. |\
| Referencing system | APA referencing system is necessary in assignments, especially material copied from the Internet.<br>For examples of correct citations, visit the following links:<br>[http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/01/](http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/01/) |\
| File Name | Lastname_firstname_[Course Code]_M[Module #] Assignment |\
\
**M6 Assignment Grading Rubric** \
Your work will be evaluated on the following criteria:\
\
| | | | | |\
| — | — | — | — | — |\
| CATEGORY | Exemplary | Satisfactory | Unsatisfactory | Unacceptable |\
| Overview of the Methods (20 points) | 20 points<br> <br>The presentation contains a comprehensive overview of the two bad debt reporting methods. | 16 points<br> <br>The presentation has an adequate overview of the two bad debt reporting methods but is not comprehensive. | 8 points<br> <br>The presentation does not include a comprehensive overview of the two bad debt reporting methods. | 0 points<br> <br>The presentation does not meet the requirements. |\
| Comparison/Contrast of Bad Debt Reporting Methods (20 points) | 20 points<br> <br>The presentation contains a comprehensive comparison between bad debt methods. | 16 points<br> <br>The presentation has an adequate comparison but is not comprehensive. | 8 points<br> <br>The presentation does not include a comprehensive comparison. | 0 points<br> <br>The presentation does not meet the requirements. |\
| Specific Steps of the Bad Debt Reporting Methods (20 points) | 20 points<br> <br>The presentation contains a comprehensive overview of how each method is recorded in the accounting ledgers. | 16 points<br> <br>The presentation has an adequate overview of how each method is recorded in the accounting ledgers, but is not comprehensive. | 8 points<br> <br>The presentation does not include a comprehensive overview of how each method is recorded in the accounting ledgers. | 0 points<br> <br>The presentation does not meet the requirements. |\
| Summary/Recommendations (20 points) | 20 points<br> <br>The presentation contains comprehensive recommendations of which bad debt reporting method should be used by the organization. | 16 points<br> <br>The presentation has an adequate summary on which bad debt reporting method should be used by the organization, but is not comprehensive. | 8 points<br> <br>The presentation does not include a comprehensive summary on which bad debt reporting method should be used by the organization. | 0 points<br> <br>The presentation does not meet the requirements. |\
| Writing Style—Organization, Transitions, Tone (10 points) | 10 points<br> <br>The assignment is written with excellent organization, thoughtful transitions, and the appropriate tone. | 8 points<br> <br>This writing assignment is adequately organized, but has some errors in the transitions or the tone. | 4 points<br> <br>This writing assignment is poorly organized, or it contains ineffective transitions and/or inappropriate tone. | 0 points<br> <br>This writing assignment displays little to no organization or transitions, and/or does not use the appropriate tone. |\
| APA Format—Citations and References (10 points) | 10 points<br> <br>All sources used for quotes and facts are credible and cited, and the references and in-text citations are all properly formatted. Each reference has an in-text citation and in-text citation has a reference. | 8 points<br> <br>All sources used for quotes and facts are credible and cited, but slight errors are present in the format of the in-text citations or references. Or there may be one in-text citation or reference missing. | 4 points<br> <br>Some sources used for quotes and facts are either not credible or there are significant errors in the in-text citations and/or references. Or there are multiple missing in-text citations or references. | 0 points<br> <br>The sources used for quotes and facts are not credible and/or not cited. The in-text citations and/or references are not present. |](https://www.sweetstudy.com/d2l/common/dialogs/quickLink/quickLink.d2l?ou=23713&type=dropbox&rcode=ashworth-213741) [Submit Assignment](https://www.sweetstudy.com/d2l/common/dialogs/quickLink/quickLink.d2l?ou=23713&type=dropbox&rcode=ashworth-213741)
## Overview Employees can have several reasons to want to unionize or to join an established union. As a human resource professional, you will sometimes be required to advise stakeholders on why employees might find unions desirable. You may also be required to suggest strategies for stakeholders in…
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Order on TutorsGallery →## Overview
Employees can have several reasons to want to unionize or to join an established union. As a human resource professional, you will sometimes be required to advise stakeholders on why employees might find unions desirable. You may also be required to suggest strategies for stakeholders in response within the confines of the law. As you begin this assignment, spend some time researching reasons that employees join a union, including reviewing the article Reasons Employees Give for Joining A Union found under the Supporting Materials section. Think about what you can do within your organization to the eliminate reasons that employees join a union.
## Directions
To complete this assignment, address the reasons that employees seek union representation and explain how these choices might be mitigated.
Specifically, you must address the following rubric criteria:
1. **Union Representation:** Discuss three of the top reasons that employees seek union representation and explain each reason in detail, supported by evidence.
2. **Strategies**: Describe two strategies that management can employ to avoid the three reasons chosen.
3. **Mitigating Choice:** Explain why the identified strategies might mitigate the choice of seeking union representation.
## What to Submit
Submit your assignment as a 1- to 2-page Microsoft Word document with double spacing, 12-point Times New Roman font, and one-inch margins. Sources should be cited according to APA style.
Reading link: https://www.fisherphillips.com/en/news-insights/reasons-employees-give-for-joining-a-union.html
3 business economics questions – ## DISCUSSION1.docx – Improving_decision_making_in_h.pdf **## DISCUSSION1.docx** 1. ASSIGNMENT ( NO MORE THAN 300 WORDS) Why study managerial economics? The most important task of a business manager is to make decisions. Decisions are the means by which organiza…
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Order on TutorsGallery →3 business economics questions
– ## DISCUSSION1.docx
– Improving_decision_making_in_h.pdf
**## DISCUSSION1.docx**
1. ASSIGNMENT ( NO MORE THAN 300 WORDS)
Why study managerial economics? The most important task of a business manager is to make decisions. Decisions are the means by which organizations turn ideas into action and can have a positive or a negative impact. However, decision making can be a complicated process, especially in a business setting. Solving a problem requires comparing alternatives and thinking about the probable results. Furthermore, successfully implementing a decision can be just as much of a challenge. Every business decision will have direct and indirect results, influencing the future of the company. Consequently, a structured process for decision making takes away much of the uncertainty embedded in the decision making process. The six step decision making process is one such approach.
The steps included in this are
1. defining the problem,
2. determining the goals and the objectives of the firms,
3. exploring the alternatives,
4. evaluating the alternative solutions,
5. selecting the optimum solution and
6. performing sensitivity analyses.
[https://saylordotorg.github.io/text_principles-of-managerial-economics/s03-demand-and-pricing.html](https://saylordotorg.github.io/text_principles-of-managerial-economics/s03-demand-and-pricing.html)
The influence of the Macroeconomic Environment
The general health of the economy has, of course, an influence on the firms. As we experienced in 2008-2010 when an economy enters a recession, consumers demand tends to be reduced for all products, and all businesses suffer. This is part of what is called the
**business cycle**, which describes the succession of recessions and economic booms that all economies go through.
Clearly, business managers have no power in this macroeconomic environment. It is important for them to be aware of it, however, if only because many governmental policies are decided as a response to the economic environment, and they directly affect all businesses.
For instance, during the recent recession, the Federal Reserve (who is the central bank of the U.S. responsible for monetary policy) has decided to keep interest rates as low as possible. The goal was to stimulate the economy by encouraging consumers to consume (and borrow), and firms to invest which is what interest us here. Managers need to keep a close eye on these policies since the level of interest rates at which they can access credit has a direct influence on the costs of their projects.
The mechanism used by the Federal Reserve (Fed) is also worth considering. The market for money operates just like any other market, with the price adjusting to find the equilibrium between demand and supply. The price of money, so to speak, is the interest rate. Thus, when the Federal Reserve wants to lower the price of money (the interest rate), it increases the money supply. This is done mostly by purchasing securities on the open market, which is the way the Fed injects money into the economy. Because of the depth of the recession of 2008-2010, the Fed has purchased several trillions worth of securities, pushing the money supply to very large levels. If the money supply is not reduced, it will result in high inflation over time – following a process that would be too long to discuss here.
The answer may seem easy: the Fed can reverse its policy, sell the securities it purchased, and take the money out of the market. The risk of inflation would disappear, and high inflation is never good news for business since it tends to reduce consumption.
Things are not that simple, of course. Remember that the Fed kept interest rates low by purchasing securities. Selling them would result in a rise in interest rates, which would increase the cost of investment.
In other words, the Fed needs to find the balance between avoiding inflation, and not raising interest rates too high. If the actions of the Fed seem to indicate that interest rates are likely to increase soon, a well-informed manager could anticipate on investments that were planned for a future date, and thus benefit from lower borrowing costs.
Let us leave these macroeconomic considerations and discuss an important assumption we will make throughout this course: profit-maximization is the objective of private firms. We will then end this lesson by a presentation of the focus of this week’s readings and assignment, a model for optimal decision-making.
Do Firms Seek to Maximize Profits?
Generally speaking, the search for profit optimization is considered the main goal of all private sector decisions. Thus, in its simplest version, any firm is assumed to have
**profit maximization** as its primary goal. In other words, the firm’s owner or manager is assumed to be aiming at maximizing the firm’s short-run profits.
This assumption has been shown to be very effective in explaining decision-making. There are of course situations in which the objective of the manager is not as clear-cut, which has led to the development of alternative theories of firms’ behavior. For instance, size or growth maximization could be the manager’s objective – especially if his or her salary is directly linked to the growth of the company, which happens quite often actually.
Other models assume managers are mostly concerned with their own welfare maximization, which leads to the issue of risk tolerance. They may prefer a safe investment that provides a relatively small profit, to one that may generate much higher profits, but that would be riskier. The risk component generates stress that the manager may want to avoid.
As a consequence, if you were on the Board of a company, you should ask yourself: when a risky venture is turned down, is this because of inefficient risk avoidance, or does it reflect an appropriate decision from the standpoint of profit maximization? Or, in other words, is our CEO doing his job?
Let us go back to the concept of profit maximization. Even though alternative models have their merit, it is clear that managers are forced by market competition to seek value maximization in their decision-making. Furthermore, stockholders are very much interested in value maximization since it affects the value of their portfolio and the returns on their stock investment. Clearly, managers who would pursue their own interest, instead of those of stockholders, risk losing their job.
In summary, the goal of profit maximization is at the root of firm’s behavior and will guide our reasoning through this course.
2.
_Respond to this discussion. (No more than 250 words with a question)_
_In Managerial Economics, profit is defined as the difference between total revenue and total cost. While it may seem logical to increase production to the maximum capacity, profit is actually maximized at the optimal output level, not the maximum output._
_The optimal output occurs where marginal revenue (MR) equals marginal cost (MC). Producing beyond this point leads to higher costs than revenue, reducing profit. As explained in the_ Principles of Managerial Economics textbook
_(Saylor Academy), “as long as the marginal revenue is greater than the marginal cost, the firm increases its profit by producing more” (Chapter 4, Section 4.3)._
_This demonstrates that understanding marginal analysis is key. The maximum profit is not achieved by producing the most units, but by producing up to the point where MR = MC, where the additional revenue from producing one more unit exactly equals the additional cost._
3.
_Respond to this discussion. No more than 250 words with a question)_
_As mentioned in the prompt, a company maximizes its profit at the level where the difference between its total revenue and the total cost is the largest. This means that the company is earning money after paying off all costs. To find the profit maximization level, it becomes really important to understand how much the company is able to sell, the price at which customers are willing to buy the product and how much it costs the company to produce the product._
_It is often believed that increasing production might result in maximum profits, but that is not entirely true. Profit maximization occurs at the optimal level of output where the Marginal Revenue equals the Marginal Cost. This means that the cost of making one more item is equal to the revenue the company makes by selling that one extra item. Producing above or below this point might result in the company not making maximum profit._
_Profit maximization is also very essential for a company’s long-term success. If the company keeps on producing more units to maximize profits rather than producing at the level where the MR = MC, it might start seeing losses. Hence, understanding the optimal level of output and producing at that point will result into profit maximization._
**Improving_decision_making_in_h.pdf**
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**Improving_decision_making_in_h.pdf**
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**## DISCUSSION1.docx**
1. ASSIGNMENT ( NO MORE THAN 300 WORDS)
Why study managerial economics? The most important task of a business manager is to make decisions. Decisions are the means by which organizations turn ideas into action and can have a positive or a negative impact. However, decision making can be a complicated process, especially in a business setting. Solving a problem requires comparing alternatives and thinking about the probable results. Furthermore, successfully implementing a decision can be just as much of a challenge. Every business decision will have direct and indirect results, influencing the future of the company. Consequently, a structured process for decision making takes away much of the uncertainty embedded in the decision making process. The six step decision making process is one such approach.
The steps included in this are
1. defining the problem,
2. determining the goals and the objectives of the firms,
3. exploring the alternatives,
4. evaluating the alternative solutions,
5. selecting the optimum solution and
6. performing sensitivity analyses.
[https://saylordotorg.github.io/text_principles-of-managerial-economics/s03-demand-and-pricing.html](https://saylordotorg.github.io/text_principles-of-managerial-economics/s03-demand-and-pricing.html)
The influence of the Macroeconomic Environment
The general health of the economy has, of course, an influence on the firms. As we experienced in 2008-2010 when an economy enters a recession, consumers demand tends to be reduced for all products, and all businesses suffer. This is part of what is called the
**business cycle**, which describes the succession of recessions and economic booms that all economies go through.
Clearly, business managers have no power in this macroeconomic environment. It is important for them to be aware of it, however, if only because many governmental policies are decided as a response to the economic environment, and they directly affect all businesses.
For instance, during the recent recession, the Federal Reserve (who is the central bank of the U.S. responsible for monetary policy) has decided to keep interest rates as low as possible. The goal was to stimulate the economy by encouraging consumers to consume (and borrow), and firms to invest which is what interest us here. Managers need to keep a close eye on these policies since the level of interest rates at which they can access credit has a direct influence on the costs of their projects.
The mechanism used by the Federal Reserve (Fed) is also worth considering. The market for money operates just like any other market, with the price adjusting to find the equilibrium between demand and supply. The price of money, so to speak, is the interest rate. Thus, when the Federal Reserve wants to lower the price of money (the interest rate), it increases the money supply. This is done mostly by purchasing securities on the open market, which is the way the Fed injects money into the economy. Because of the depth of the recession of 2008-2010, the Fed has purchased several trillions worth of securities, pushing the money supply to very large levels. If the money supply is not reduced, it will result in high inflation over time – following a process that would be too long to discuss here.
The answer may seem easy: the Fed can reverse its policy, sell the securities it purchased, and take the money out of the market. The risk of inflation would disappear, and high inflation is never good news for business since it tends to reduce consumption.
Things are not that simple, of course. Remember that the Fed kept interest rates low by purchasing securities. Selling them would result in a rise in interest rates, which would increase the cost of investment.
In other words, the Fed needs to find the balance between avoiding inflation, and not raising interest rates too high. If the actions of the Fed seem to indicate that interest rates are likely to increase soon, a well-informed manager could anticipate on investments that were planned for a future date, and thus benefit from lower borrowing costs.
Let us leave these macroeconomic considerations and discuss an important assumption we will make throughout this course: profit-maximization is the objective of private firms. We will then end this lesson by a presentation of the focus of this week’s readings and assignment, a model for optimal decision-making.
Do Firms Seek to Maximize Profits?
Generally speaking, the search for profit optimization is considered the main goal of all private sector decisions. Thus, in its simplest version, any firm is assumed to have
**profit maximization** as its primary goal. In other words, the firm’s owner or manager is assumed to be aiming at maximizing the firm’s short-run profits.
This assumption has been shown to be very effective in explaining decision-making. There are of course situations in which the objective of the manager is not as clear-cut, which has led to the development of alternative theories of firms’ behavior. For instance, size or growth maximization could be the manager’s objective – especially if his or her salary is directly linked to the growth of the company, which happens quite often actually.
Other models assume managers are mostly concerned with their own welfare maximization, which leads to the issue of risk tolerance. They may prefer a safe investment that provides a relatively small profit, to one that may generate much higher profits, but that would be riskier. The risk component generates stress that the manager may want to avoid.
As a consequence, if you were on the Board of a company, you should ask yourself: when a risky venture is turned down, is this because of inefficient risk avoidance, or does it reflect an appropriate decision from the standpoint of profit maximization? Or, in other words, is our CEO doing his job?
Let us go back to the concept of profit maximization. Even though alternative models have their merit, it is clear that managers are forced by market competition to seek value maximization in their decision-making. Furthermore, stockholders are very much interested in value maximization since it affects the value of their portfolio and the returns on their stock investment. Clearly, managers who would pursue their own interest, instead of those of stockholders, risk losing their job.
In summary, the goal of profit maximization is at the root of firm’s behavior and will guide our reasoning through this course.
2.
_Respond to this discussion. (No more than 250 words with a question)_
_In Managerial Economics, profit is defined as the difference between total revenue and total cost. While it may seem logical to increase production to the maximum capacity, profit is actually maximized at the optimal output level, not the maximum output._
_The optimal output occurs where marginal revenue (MR) equals marginal cost (MC). Producing beyond this point leads to higher costs than revenue, reducing profit. As explained in the_ Principles of Managerial Economics textbook
_(Saylor Academy), “as long as the marginal revenue is greater than the marginal cost, the firm increases its profit by producing more” (Chapter 4, Section 4.3)._
_This demonstrates that understanding marginal analysis is key. The maximum profit is not achieved by producing the most units, but by producing up to the point where MR = MC, where the additional revenue from producing one more unit exactly equals the additional cost._
3.
_Respond to this discussion. No more than 250 words with a question)_
_As mentioned in the prompt, a company maximizes its profit at the level where the difference between its total revenue and the total cost is the largest. This means that the company is earning money after paying off all costs. To find the profit maximization level, it becomes really important to understand how much the company is able to sell, the price at which customers are willing to buy the product and how much it costs the company to produce the product._
_It is often believed that increasing production might result in maximum profits, but that is not entirely true. Profit maximization occurs at the optimal level of output where the Marginal Revenue equals the Marginal Cost. This means that the cost of making one more item is equal to the revenue the company makes by selling that one extra item. Producing above or below this point might result in the company not making maximum profit._
_Profit maximization is also very essential for a company’s long-term success. If the company keeps on producing more units to maximize profits rather than producing at the level where the MR = MC, it might start seeing losses. Hence, understanding the optimal level of output and producing at that point will result into profit maximization._
**Improving_decision_making_in_h.pdf**
This file is too large to display. [View in new window](https://www.sweetstudy.com/files/improving-decision-making-in-h-pdf)
**## DISCUSSION1.docx**
1. ASSIGNMENT ( NO MORE THAN 300 WORDS)
Why study managerial economics? The most important task of a business manager is to make decisions. Decisions are the means by which organizations turn ideas into action and can have a positive or a negative impact. However, decision making can be a complicated process, especially in a business setting. Solving a problem requires comparing alternatives and thinking about the probable results. Furthermore, successfully implementing a decision can be just as much of a challenge. Every business decision will have direct and indirect results, influencing the future of the company. Consequently, a structured process for decision making takes away much of the uncertainty embedded in the decision making process. The six step decision making process is one such approach.
The steps included in this are
1. defining the problem,
2. determining the goals and the objectives of the firms,
3. exploring the alternatives,
4. evaluating the alternative solutions,
5. selecting the optimum solution and
6. performing sensitivity analyses.
[https://saylordotorg.github.io/text_principles-of-managerial-economics/s03-demand-and-pricing.html](https://saylordotorg.github.io/text_principles-of-managerial-economics/s03-demand-and-pricing.html)
The influence of the Macroeconomic Environment
The general health of the economy has, of course, an influence on the firms. As we experienced in 2008-2010 when an economy enters a recession, consumers demand tends to be reduced for all products, and all businesses suffer. This is part of what is called the
**business cycle**, which describes the succession of recessions and economic booms that all economies go through.
Clearly, business managers have no power in this macroeconomic environment. It is important for them to be aware of it, however, if only because many governmental policies are decided as a response to the economic environment, and they directly affect all businesses.
For instance, during the recent recession, the Federal Reserve (who is the central bank of the U.S. responsible for monetary policy) has decided to keep interest rates as low as possible. The goal was to stimulate the economy by encouraging consumers to consume (and borrow), and firms to invest which is what interest us here. Managers need to keep a close eye on these policies since the level of interest rates at which they can access credit has a direct influence on the costs of their projects.
The mechanism used by the Federal Reserve (Fed) is also worth considering. The market for money operates just like any other market, with the price adjusting to find the equilibrium between demand and supply. The price of money, so to speak, is the interest rate. Thus, when the Federal Reserve wants to lower the price of money (the interest rate), it increases the money supply. This is done mostly by purchasing securities on the open market, which is the way the Fed injects money into the economy. Because of the depth of the recession of 2008-2010, the Fed has purchased several trillions worth of securities, pushing the money supply to very large levels. If the money supply is not reduced, it will result in high inflation over time – following a process that would be too long to discuss here.
The answer may seem easy: the Fed can reverse its policy, sell the securities it purchased, and take the money out of the market. The risk of inflation would disappear, and high inflation is never good news for business since it tends to reduce consumption.
Things are not that simple, of course. Remember that the Fed kept interest rates low by purchasing securities. Selling them would result in a rise in interest rates, which would increase the cost of investment.
In other words, the Fed needs to find the balance between avoiding inflation, and not raising interest rates too high. If the actions of the Fed seem to indicate that interest rates are likely to increase soon, a well-informed manager could anticipate on investments that were planned for a future date, and thus benefit from lower borrowing costs.
Let us leave these macroeconomic considerations and discuss an important assumption we will make throughout this course: profit-maximization is the objective of private firms. We will then end this lesson by a presentation of the focus of this week’s readings and assignment, a model for optimal decision-making.
Do Firms Seek to Maximize Profits?
Generally speaking, the search for profit optimization is considered the main goal of all private sector decisions. Thus, in its simplest version, any firm is assumed to have
**profit maximization** as its primary goal. In other words, the firm’s owner or manager is assumed to be aiming at maximizing the firm’s short-run profits.
This assumption has been shown to be very effective in explaining decision-making. There are of course situations in which the objective of the manager is not as clear-cut, which has led to the development of alternative theories of firms’ behavior. For instance, size or growth maximization could be the manager’s objective – especially if his or her salary is directly linked to the growth of the company, which happens quite often actually.
Other models assume managers are mostly concerned with their own welfare maximization, which leads to the issue of risk tolerance. They may prefer a safe investment that provides a relatively small profit, to one that may generate much higher profits, but that would be riskier. The risk component generates stress that the manager may want to avoid.
As a consequence, if you were on the Board of a company, you should ask yourself: when a risky venture is turned down, is this because of inefficient risk avoidance, or does it reflect an appropriate decision from the standpoint of profit maximization? Or, in other words, is our CEO doing his job?
Let us go back to the concept of profit maximization. Even though alternative models have their merit, it is clear that managers are forced by market competition to seek value maximization in their decision-making. Furthermore, stockholders are very much interested in value maximization since it affects the value of their portfolio and the returns on their stock investment. Clearly, managers who would pursue their own interest, instead of those of stockholders, risk losing their job.
In summary, the goal of profit maximization is at the root of firm’s behavior and will guide our reasoning through this course.
2.
_Respond to this discussion. (No more than 250 words with a question)_
_In Managerial Economics, profit is defined as the difference between total revenue and total cost. While it may seem logical to increase production to the maximum capacity, profit is actually maximized at the optimal output level, not the maximum output._
_The optimal output occurs where marginal revenue (MR) equals marginal cost (MC). Producing beyond this point leads to higher costs than revenue, reducing profit. As explained in the_ Principles of Managerial Economics textbook
_(Saylor Academy), “as long as the marginal revenue is greater than the marginal cost, the firm increases its profit by producing more” (Chapter 4, Section 4.3)._
_This demonstrates that understanding marginal analysis is key. The maximum profit is not achieved by producing the most units, but by producing up to the point where MR = MC, where the additional revenue from producing one more unit exactly equals the additional cost._
3.
_Respond to this discussion. No more than 250 words with a question)_
_As mentioned in the prompt, a company maximizes its profit at the level where the difference between its total revenue and the total cost is the largest. This means that the company is earning money after paying off all costs. To find the profit maximization level, it becomes really important to understand how much the company is able to sell, the price at which customers are willing to buy the product and how much it costs the company to produce the product._
_It is often believed that increasing production might result in maximum profits, but that is not entirely true. Profit maximization occurs at the optimal level of output where the Marginal Revenue equals the Marginal Cost. This means that the cost of making one more item is equal to the revenue the company makes by selling that one extra item. Producing above or below this point might result in the company not making maximum profit._
_Profit maximization is also very essential for a company’s long-term success. If the company keeps on producing more units to maximize profits rather than producing at the level where the MR = MC, it might start seeing losses. Hence, understanding the optimal level of output and producing at that point will result into profit maximization._
**Improving_decision_making_in_h.pdf**
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**## shareyourdefinitionofcriticalthinking.docx**
share your definition of critical thinking. Give an example of how you have utilized critical thinking in the workplace. In addition, search the open job listings on the web. Identify and post one new open position that requires business analysis skills. Cite the source about the job opening. Describe and discuss some business analyst skills required in the job opening. Discuss how the skills relate to the six knowledge areas presented in Chapter 1 of the BABOK® Guide and the skills required to think critically. Research in peer-reviewed journal articles and share how two experts define critical thinking, business analysis, or problem solving. Do you agree? Why or why not? Benchmark their definitions against yours. Evaluate the similarities and differences. In addition to peer-reviewed academic journal articles, back up all opinions with foundation knowledge from the BABOK Guide and in-class lessons.
**## shareyourdefinitionofcriticalthinking.docx**
share your definition of critical thinking. Give an example of how you have utilized critical thinking in the workplace. In addition, search the open job listings on the web. Identify and post one new open position that requires business analysis skills. Cite the source about the job opening. Describe and discuss some business analyst skills required in the job opening. Discuss how the skills relate to the six knowledge areas presented in Chapter 1 of the BABOK® Guide and the skills required to think critically. Research in peer-reviewed journal articles and share how two experts define critical thinking, business analysis, or problem solving. Do you agree? Why or why not? Benchmark their definitions against yours. Evaluate the similarities and differences. In addition to peer-reviewed academic journal articles, back up all opinions with foundation knowledge from the BABOK Guide and in-class lessons.
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