Category: Nursing

Imagine you are a policymaker for your city or town. Based on what you know, and what you have learned in this course, what would you modify or improve to make a positive change in the life of a vulnerable group we have not covered in class? Would you consult the vulnerable group when developing programs or policies? Why or why not? Which policy would you create to improve health care services accessibility, cost, and quality related to your selected group?

Your initial contribution should be 250 to 300 words in length. Your research and claims must be supported by a minimum of two scholarly sources beyond your course text. Use proper APA formatting for in-text citations and references as outlined in the Ashford Writing Center.

Discussion

To prepare for this Discussion: Walk around a two-block radius near where you live or work. Look to see if you can spot any areas where mosquitoes may reproduce. These sites may include abandoned tires, rainwater collection systems that have been installed at homes, parks or golf courses, low sections at roadsides or near sidewalks, and the like. You may include pictures of sites that you find to enhance your discussion thread. Note any positive or negative findings that you observe. Have steps been taken to prevent mosquito breeding? Find out what your community health department does for mosquito abatement. Discover who in your community you would contact to report deficiencies/negative findings. Determine what you can do, as a PHN, to change policy to reduce mosquito breeding grounds in your neighborhood. By Day 3 Post your findings regarding mosquito breeding grounds in a two-block radius near where you live or work. Include any preventative strategies you can see that are already in place. Report on the role your local health department plays in mosquito abatement and to whom you would report negative findings. Then, describe your role as a BSN in changing policy to ensure a healthier climate (reduced mosquito breeding grounds) in your neighborhood.

Epidemiological Studies: Interpretation and Presentation This assignment will allow you to explore and understand the strengths and limitations of how studies of similar phenomenon differ in interpretation and presentation. access and review the following two articles of opposing conclusions: • McCullough, M. L., Bandera, E. V., Patel, R., Patel, A. V., Gansler, T., Kushi, L. H., Thun, M. J., & Calle, E. E. (2007). A prospective study of fruits, vegetables, and risk of endometrial cancer. American Journal of Epidemiology, 166(8), 902–911. • Rogers, L. Q., Courneya, K. S., Paragi-Gururaja, R., Markwell, S. J., & Imeokparia, R. (2008). Lifestyle behaviors, obesity, and perceived health among men with and without a diagnosis of prostate cancer: A population-based, cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health, 8, 23. • Click here to read about an overview of epidemiologic study designs. Based on your readings and understanding, create a 1- to 2-page assessment of each study design and results in a Microsoft Word document. Your assessment should include: • A comparison of the merits in each approach • An analysis of the results and indication (s) of which study is more credible and why (if so) based upon your readings and knowledge of epidemiology till date • An analysis of whether you support the results or not along with the reasons • Suggestions, observations, or recommendations you may have for supporting or disputing how the results were presented

Screening and Diagnostic Tools You are an epidemiologist interested in food poisoning caused by salmonella. Using the Internet, conduct a research to gain additional insight into the causes of food poisoning. Based on your research, answer the following questions: • What are the different types of screening or diagnostic tests available to study salmonella? What the advantages and drawbacks of each of the tests? • If you were asked to employ the use of screening or diagnostic tests to study the transmission of salmonella, which screening or diagnostic tests would you recommend? Why? • For each test, which of the following principles would influence the study outcome and results: o Bias o Confounding o Values of sensitivity on epidemiological study validity o Values of specificity on epidemiological study validity • How will each principle influence the results of your epidemiological study based upon the type of screening or diagnostic tool? • Which screening or diagnostic tool would you recommend as the most effective in the epidemiological study of salmonella transmission? Why? Support your responses with examples. Cite any sources in APA format.

Complete factorial analysis of variance in Smart Alex’s Task #1 on p. 541, using the Fugazi.sav data set from the Field text. You can follow the steps outlined on pp. 520–525 as a guide.

Report your findings in APA format according to the guidelines in the PASW Application Assignment Guidelines handout. The final document should be 2–3 pages long.

From the first two (2) e-Activities, functioning as an investigator collaborating with the two (2) agencies to obtain vital statistics on your particular demographic, you are tasked with obtaining the logistics and planning phase of the report. Prioritize the items you would consider when formulating comprehensive letters of inquiry to the agencies.

•From the third e-Activity, suppose you are the County Department of Health, Director of STDs Tracking and Surveillance System, tasked with drafting a memo to your state’s head of the DOH about ways to optimize your county’s efficiency. Prepare a rudimentary list of possible questions to articulate your concerns. Provide a rationale for the questions you have chosen.

need 2 paragraphs for each bullet points and answer the questions an 2 references each

Read the “Inclusion” and “Scope” sections in Chapter 8 Is the Concentra design more appropriate for full coverage programs or partial coverage programs? Why? 250 words, APA format

Link for Cencentra is: http://www.concentra.com/employers/health-wellness/wellness-programs/

epidemiology

solve the following

Which of the following is a measure of disease risk? (2 pts) A. Prevalence B. Median Survival Time C. Adjusted mortality rate D. Relative Risk (RR) E. Odds of Exposure

Questions 2 and 3 are based on the information below:

Incidence of Coronary Heart Disease (CHD) in Men, According to Initial Cholesterol Level, Followed Over a 10 Year Period (1985-1995) CHD incidence (per 1,000 men) Cholesterol level in 1985 (mg/dL) 300 40 80 140

2. The data in the above table have been obtained from a: (2 pts) A. Case-control study B. Cohort study C. Cross sectional study D. Ecological study E. Cannot be determined from these data

3. The relative risk (RR) of coronary heart disease for men in the highest cholesterol group compared to the lowest group is: (3 pts) A. 140 – 40 = 100 per 1,000 B. 40/140 = 0.29 C. 140/40 = 3.50 D. Cannot be determined from these data

4. If there were no association between an exposure and disease, one would expect the following: (2 pts) A. Relative risk = 1.0 ; Proportion attributable risk = 1.0 B. Relative risk < 1.0 ; Proportion attributable risk < 50% C. Relative risk > 1.1; Proportion attributable risk > 50% D. Relative risk = 1.0; Proportion attributable risk = 0%

5. When a new treatment is developed which prevents death but does not result in the recovery from a non-infectious disease, which of the following will occur? (3 pts) A. Incidence of the disease will decrease B. Prevalence of the disease will increase C. Prevalence of the disease will decrease D. Both the incidence and the prevalence of the disease will increase

6. From January 1988 until March 1990 a research group in New Zealand followed 2,607 infants from the day they were born. Mothers were asked, “What position does your baby usually sleep in?” Mothers of 830 infants reported that their baby slept prone (on its stomach). Among this group, there were 9 infant deaths from Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS). The remaining 1,777 mothers reported that their baby slept on its side or its back. Among this group, there were 6 deaths from SIDS.

a. What type of study is this? (2 pts)

b. Construct a 2 x 2 table for these data. (4 pts)

c. Calculate the appropriate measure of association and state in words what this number means (one sentence). Show calculations. (6 pts)

7. Are the following examples of incidence or prevalence? Please put your answers under each example. (2 pts each) a. “Rates [of pancreatic cancer] increase rapidly with age as seen in data from the United States, where the rates for patients ages 70–74 are about 57 per 100,000 per year compared to rates of 9.8 per 100,000 in patients age 50–54.” (Lowenfels and Maisonneuve, 2006, p. 200.)

b. “Nearly 5 million asthma sufferers are under age 18. It is the most common chronic childhood disease, affecting more than one child in 20.” (Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, NCHS, U.S. CDC, 2003.)

c. Over the past five years, 350 cases of over-worked graduate students have been diagnosed at Drexel University.

8. Match the appropriate sequence of data collection (1-3) with each study design listed below (i.e., for each study design, fill in 1, 2 or 3). (2 pts each)

1. Determine exposure status first, and then collect disease status information. 2. Determine disease status first, and then collect exposure history information. 3. Determine disease status and exposure status at the same point in time.

____ Cross-Sectional Study ____ Cohort Study ____ Case Control Study

9. Match the following strengths to the appropriate study design: (2 pts each) a. Investigation of multiple exposures ____ Case Series b. Investigation of new or emerging diseases ____ Cohort c. Investigator assigns exposure ____ Randomized Clinical Trials d. Ability to calculate incidence rates ____ Case-Control

10. You are conducting a prospective study of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection and its relation to liver failure. Normally, the immune system neutralizes the virus and most infected people are left with HBV antibodies but no detectable circulating virus. A small proportion of people who are infected with HBV remain with circulating virus itself (HBV viremic) and it is this group that is believed to be at high risk of liver failure. You put together a cohort study of 500 persons who are HBV viremic and 500 persons with HBV antibodies but who do not have detectable virus. You follow this cohort for five years. Among the first group that are HBV viremic, 50 persons develop liver failure: 5 at 10 months, 10 at 20 months, 20 at 36 months, 10 at 42 months, and 5 at 50 months. Among the second group that are HBV antibody positive but who do not have detectable virus (i.e., HBV non-viremic), 10 persons develop liver failure: 5 at 32 months and 5 at 55 months.

a. Calculate the person-time of follow up for each group. Show calculations. (6 pts)

b. Calculate the liver failure incidence rate for each group (i.e., HBV viremic and HBV non-viremic). Express each rate with an appropriate metric in the denominators. Show calculations. (6 pts)

c. How much of an increase of liver failure incidence is seen among persons with detectable HBV virus compared with those who have HBV antibodies but no detectable virus? Give results for absolute and relative differences of incidence. Show calculations. (6 pts)

d. Interpret each measure calculated in 10c above (one sentence each). (6 pts)

11. Which of the following is an appropriate measure of association for a cross-sectional study? (2 pts) a. Incidence rate ratio b. Prevalence ratio c. Cumulative incidence ratio d. Risk difference

12. A relative risk of 1.0 is interpreted as: (2 pts) a. A protective association between the exposure and the disease b. A weak or moderate positive association between the exposure and the disease c. No association between the exposure and the disease d. Cannot be determined without knowing the specific exposure and the disease

13. Why do we age-standardize (age-adjust) incidence data to compare disease incidence between two different populations? Explain and give an example. (6 pts)

14. The tables below come from a case-control study of cervical cancer and test results for exposure to human papilloma virus (HPV).

Cervical Cancer No Cervical Cancer HPV positive 120 18 HPV negative 70 41

After stratifying the above data by smoking status, the following tables were obtained:

Cervical Cancer No Cervical Cancer Smokers HPV positive 100 10 HPV negative 25 5

Cervical Cancer No Cervical Cancer Non Smokers HPV positive 20 8 HPV negative 45 36

a. Before stratifying on smoking behavior, what is the overall odds ratio (OR) found by the study? (3 pts) A. 2.0 B. 1.4 C. 1.0 D. 3.9 E. Cannot be determined from these data.

c. What is the odds ratio for HPV exposure and cervical cancer among smokers only? (3 pts) A. 2.0 B. 1.4 C. 1.0 D. 3.9 E. Cannot be determined from these data.

b. Based on the data above, which statement describes the relationship between cervical cancer and HPV? (3 pts) A. Cervical cancer cases are more likely than controls to have been exposed to HPV. B. When stratified by smoking status, cervical cancer is not associated with HPV in either stratum. C. When stratified by smoking status, there is a stronger association between cervical cancer and HPV in smokers than in non-smokers. D. Cervical cancer is not associated with HPV. E. A cohort study must be done in order to describe the relationship.

15. Disease-specific mortality rates can give a good estimate of the incidence of the disease when the following condition is true: (3 pts) A. The prevalence of the disease is high and duration of disease is short B. The incidence of the disease is high and duration of disease is short C. The mortality rates are age-adjusted D. The case-fatality rate is high and the duration of disease is short E. The crude mortality rate equals the age-adjusted mortality rate

16. The strength of an association is one of the criteria for evaluating the cause and effect relationship between an exposure and outcome. Which of the following is a measure of the strength of association? (2 pts) A. Incidence rate among the exposed B. Cumulative incidence among the exposed C. The ratio of odds of exposure among cases to the odds of exposure among the non-cases D. Odds of disease among exposed relative to the prevalence of exposure in the source population E. None of the above

17. In 2002, investigators started a study of the association of cholesterol levels and stroke in a group of 2,000 healthy persons who had participated in a cholesterol screening program in 1992. The investigators determined exposure categories using cholesterol levels in all persons that were measured at the time of the screening program. A cut-off value of 200 mg/dL was used to define ‘high’ cholesterol while those with levels below 200 were identified as having ‘low’ cholesterol. Using this definition, 1,000 persons had ‘high’ cholesterol levels while the remaining 1,000 persons had ‘low’ cholesterol. The investigators then ascertained whether these originally healthy persons had experienced a stroke. They determined that 150 cases of stroke occurred by the end of 2002, with 113 cases occurring in the high cholesterol group.

a. What is the study design that the investigators used? (2 pts) A. Case-control study B. Retrospective cohort study C. Prospective cohort study D. Cross-sectional study E. Randomized clinical trial

b. What type of measure of association should the investigators calculate? (2 pts) A. Odds ratio B. Prevalence C. Case-fatality rate D. Prevalence ratio E. Relative risk

c. Using the reported study data, what is the association measure that should be calculated? (3 pts) A. 3.1 B. 3.3 C. 67% D. 1.0 E. 0.3

18. The two major purposes of random assignment in a clinical trial are to (select two): (4 pts) A. ensure that study subjects are representative of the general population B. facilitate double-blinding C. ensure that the study groups are comparable on baseline characteristics D. facilitate measurement of outcome variables E. reduce selection bias in allocation of treatment

19. The prevalence of a disease is two times greater in women than in men, but the incidence rates are the same in men and women. Which of the following statements may best explain this situation? (3 pts) A. The duration of the disease is shorter in women. B. The case-fatality rate is lower in women. C. The prevalence of risk factors for developing the disease is greater in men. D. The age-adjusted mortality rate is higher in women. E. The life-expectancy following disease diagnosis is shorter in women.

20. If Disease A has an incidence rate of 17 cases per 100,000 per year and an average duration of 3 years, how many existing cases of the disease will be found in a population of 200,000 people? (3 pts) A. 17 cases B. 34 cases C. 51 cases D. 102 cases E. Cannot be determined from these data

Write a paper (1,250-1,750 words) describing the approach to care of cancer. In addition, include the following in your paper:

Describe the diagnosis and staging of cancer.

Describe at least three complications of cancer, the side effects of treatment, and methods to lessen physical and psychological effects.

Prepare this assignment according to the APA guidelines found in the APA Style Guide, located in the Student Success Center. An abstract is not required.

This assignment uses a grading rubric. Instructors will be using the

rubric to grade the assignment; therefore, students should review the rubric prior to beginning the assignment to become familiar with the assignment criteria and expectations for successful completion of the assignment.

You are required to submit this assignment to Turnitin. Refer to the directions in the Student Success Center. Only Word documents can be submitted to Turnitin.

I need a 7 page paper on the zika virus. It must include 6 references, abstract, introduction, disease description, history, symptoms, reason for reemergence, and methods of control/prevention.