Tag: Homework Solution

  • [Solved] 220

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    ## **Instructions** **Course Outcome: 4. Explain the use of lists and dictionaries in Python programming** **Course Outcome: 6. Summarize the use of files and exceptions in Python programming** “”” This is the flower box, and it should be at the beginning of each assignment. You must add comments to…

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    Assignment Prompt & Instructions

    ## **Instructions**
    **Course Outcome: 4. Explain the use of lists and dictionaries in Python programming**
    **Course Outcome: 6. Summarize the use of files and exceptions in Python programming**
    “””
    This is the flower box, and it should be at the beginning of each assignment.
    You must add comments to your code
    Program Name: Wk4_firstname_lastname.py
    Student Name: Ymmas Azaba
    Course: ENTD220
    Instructor: My instructor
    Date: Any Day
    Copy Wrong: This is my work.
    “””
    **ASSIGNMENT**
    _**You are going to enhance the prior assignment by implementing exceptions!**_
    **\*\*\*\*\* You must tell me where you implemented the exception and why. *******
    – Show me 2 test cases that will trap the errors.
    – Sample output
    – Enter first number between -10 and 20 –> add
    – Error –> could not convert string to float: 'add'    <<<< first trap
    – Enter first number between -10 and 20 –> 10
    – Enter second number between -10 and 20 –> 0
    – Error –> float division by zero <<< second trap
    Submission Instructions:
    – Make sure that you save your code in a text file in this format.
    – **W4_firstname_lastname.py**
    **HINTS:**
    """
    comment block
    """
    # def functions
    def add …
    def sub…
    def …
    def isinrange() or  checknum()
    while True:
    try:
             ## Get user inputs
             ## Do calculation and print results
    except Exception as e:
             print("Error –>",e)
             continue
    print thank you for using…
    _**# Trapping Errors**_
    # Trapping error to avoid program breaking when error occurs
    # errors can be user errors or system errors
    # try-except should be on the program level
    # try-except gives the user a chance to correct
    # the error instead of terminating the program
    """
    Do I raise or return errors in Python?
    Raise a python exception, and then wrap all of your self written functions in a try/except wrapper.
    Return a result that indicates there was an error. As easy as returning False if it didn't work,
    or returning a dictionary with an error field. What's the pro's and con's of each? Thoughts?
    Never return an error in the same place as a value.
    """
    def div(n1,n2):
           return n1/n2
    while True:
    try:
        fnum=float(input("Enter first number –> "))
        snum=float(input("Enter second number –> "))
        print("The div = ", div(fnum,snum));
        break
    except Exception as e:
        print(“Error: “,e)
        continue
    Enter first number –> sam
    ValueError: could not convert string to float: 'sam'
    # Test 2
    Enter first number –> 7
    Enter second number –> 0

  • [Solved] Discussion replies

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    175 words each post 1: Before examining the data, I wondered if height and hair length are related. At first, it didn’t seem like they’d be directly related, but societal factors like gender might influence things—taller people (usually men) might tend to have shorter hair. In comparison, shorter pe…

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    Assignment Prompt & Instructions

    175 words each
    post 1:
    Before examining the data, I wondered if height and hair length are related. At first, it didn’t seem like they’d be directly related, but societal factors like gender might influence things—taller people (usually men) might tend to have shorter hair. In comparison, shorter people (often women) could have longer hair. To determine if there's a link, I’d check the Pearson correlation coefficient, which indicates the degree to which two variables are linearly related. I guessed there might be a negative correlation—taller people with shorter hair—probably a moderate one, influenced more by social norms than biology. If I found a connection, it doesn’t mean one causes the other; it could simply be that both are influenced by other factors, such as gender or culture, rather than height directly affecting hair length or vice versa.
    Based on the data, I calculated the Pearson correlation coefficient using Excel, following the standard steps (Bradburn, 2019). The result was r = -0.72, indicating a strong negative relationship.
    This matched my expectations about the negative relationship, including the direction and strength. I thought it might be a bit weaker than it was, probably because I assumed there would be more variation in hair lengths at different heights. However, the data revealed a clearer grouping.
    When you make a scatterplot in Excel (Vertex42, 2017), it shows heights on the x-axis and hair lengths on the y-axis. The graph clearly shows a downward trend: taller people tend to have shorter hair, which makes the negative slope of -0.72 easy to see.
    This information is based on a small sample of 26 people, making up 52% of the explained variation. It may not apply to larger, more diverse groups. In real-world settings, it could help barbershop owners plan their inventory based on customer height. Sociologists or marketers might also find it helpful in exploring gender roles in grooming.
    References
    Bradburn, S. (2019, March 12). _How to perform a Pearson correlation test in Excel_ [Video]. YouTube. [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ev86DMtLXOk](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ev86DMtLXOk)
    Grammarly. (2025). Grammarly Handbook. [https://www.grammarly.com/handbook/](https://vle.phoenix.edu/ultra)
    Vertex42. (2017, August 14). _Creating an XY scatter plot in Excel_ [Video]. YouTube. [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gBbGBrHTMrM](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gBbGBrHTMrM)
    post 2:
    I would say I do think the two characteristics, height and hair length are connected in some type of way. The reason why I think that is because they basely are the same thing but the height is the volume of the hair. Then the length is how long is the hair. Then the only way that I would know if they are related to each other is if they are independent or dependent from each other. I would say that I expect them to correlated in some type of way of knowing what are things that might help or damage the hair. I would say that I expect the correlation to be postitive because of how the two characteristic would help each other out. Also, it being strong because of how it can work out at the end as well. Lastly, there is a correlation and it is based on causation. The reason for it is because of how the hair might grow or not. It would basely be direct into what and where it mainly  suppose to go. I would say after running the data in excel, I have seen the results I expected. Also, what I had anticipated correctly was that they were going to come together. What I didn't  get correct was the they were going to be the same. Although what really caused it not to be correct was the numbers were whole and some were decimal. Then the information is precise of how it is projecting into something being true or not. The way that I can use this in real life is finding how accurate something is. I would say companies, researchers, and scientists would find it useful for things that they do on a daily basis.
    \
    IMG_9539.png](https://www.sweetstudy.com/files/img-9539-png "IMG_9539.png")
    \
    CorrelationTestandScatterPlot.xlsx](https://www.sweetstudy.com/files/correlationtestandscatterplot-xlsx "CorrelationTestandScatterPlot.xlsx")

  • [Solved] 1

    ✓ Verified Academic Solution Available

    Executive Solution Overview

    In-depth study guidance and analytical solution covering 1.

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    Assignment Prompt & Instructions

    Full assignment prompt and step-by-step guidance are included in the downloadable solution file.

  • [Solved] Data Analyst

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    Executive Solution Overview

    2-3 page paper, Original work only. More info attached. – ## mypaper.docx – ## 06050519-IncomeStatement-Annual.csv **## mypaper.docx** ![](https://www.sweetstudy.com/questions/data-analyst-20931577) **Turning Variables into Knowledge** Prior to beginning work on this assignment, read the following: …

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    Assignment Prompt & Instructions

    2-3 page paper,
    Original work only. More info attached.

    – ## mypaper.docx

    – ## 06050519-IncomeStatement-Annual.csv

    **## mypaper.docx**

    ![](https://www.sweetstudy.com/questions/data-analyst-20931577)

    **Turning Variables into Knowledge**

    Prior to beginning work on this assignment, read the following: Jaggia, S. (2023). Business analytics: Communicating with numbers (2nd ed.). McGraw-Hill Higher Education.

    · Chapter 1: Introduction to Business Analytics

    · Chapter 2: Data Management and Wrangling

    · Chapter 3: Summary Measures

    Imagine that you are hired as a data analyst for a bank. The bank would like to learn more about its customers’ spending and banking habits to identify areas of improvement. You have been asked to review the bank’s income statements over the last five years and identify trends that will allow them to understand their customers better.

    Download your chosen bank’s annual income statements from the last five years from the
    [_Mergent Market Atlas_](https://marketatlasoa.mergent.com/login?entity=https://idp.ashford.edu/openathens)

    [https://marketatlas.mergent.com/stock/financials/?symbol=06050519&section=Standardized&sub=IncomeStmt&period=Annual&numPeriods=5&type=AsReported&currency=default&scale=default&displaytype=raw&print=0](https://marketatlas.mergent.com/stock/financials/?symbol=06050519&section=Standardized&sub=IncomeStmt&period=Annual&numPeriods=5&type=AsReported&currency=default&scale=default&displaytype=raw&print=0)

    Use the “Company Financials” tab in
    _Mergent Market Atlas_ to access the income statements.

    In your paper,

    · Identify an area of the bank’s income statement related to customer spending.

    · Describe the data points or variables that give a complete picture of the customers’ spending pattern for the last six months.

    · In addition to the income statement, explain which other data sources you might use to understand the customers’ spending patterns.

    · List the steps you will take to prepare all these data sources such that they afford clear and accurate information.

    · Build a frequency table, a bar chart, and a pie chart using Excel for the identified variables that explain the customers’ spending patterns.

    Use the same three variables in each table and chart to display the same data in three different formats.

     After presenting your data in three formats, evaluate which tables and charts you find most helpful for communicating the desired message about the bank’s customers.

    The Turning Variables into Knowledge paper

    · must be two to three double-spaced pages in length (not including title and references pages, charts or tables), and formatted according to

     must include a separate title page with the following:

    · title of paper in bold font

    · Space should appear between the title and the rest of the information on the title page.

    · student’s name

    · name of institution

    · course name and number

    · instructor’s name

    · due date

     must utilize academic voice.

     must include an introduction and conclusion paragraph.

    · Your introduction paragraph needs to end with a clear thesis statement that indicates the purpose of your paper.

    · For assistance on writing
    [_Introductions & Conclusions_](https://writingcenter.uagc.edu/introductions-conclusions)

     must cite the information found in the
    [_Mergent Market Atlas_](https://marketatlasoa.mergent.com/login?entity=https://idp.ashford.edu/openathens) [_Links to an external site._](https://marketatlasoa.mergent.com/login?entity=https://idp.ashford.edu/openathens) 

     must document any information used from sources in APA Style

     must include a separate references page that is formatted according to APA Style

    ![A screenshot of a computer AI-generated content may be incorrect.](https://www.sweetstudy.com/questions/data-analyst-20931577)

    ![A screenshot of a data source AI-generated content may be incorrect.](https://www.sweetstudy.com/questions/data-analyst-20931577)

    ![A screenshot of a computer AI-generated content may be incorrect.](https://www.sweetstudy.com/questions/data-analyst-20931577)

    ![A screenshot of a document AI-generated content may be incorrect.](https://www.sweetstudy.com/questions/data-analyst-20931577)

    ## image2.png

    ## image3.png

    ## image4.png

    ## image5.png

    ## image1.emf

    **## 06050519-IncomeStatement-Annual.csv**

    | | | | | | |
    | — | — | — | — | — | — |
    | Bank of America Corp (06050519) | | | | | |
    | Income Statement – Annual (As Reported) | | | | | |
    | FYE December | 12/31/2024 | 12/31/2023 | 12/31/2022 | 12/31/2021 | 12/31/2020 |
    | Currency | USD | USD | USD | USD | USD |
    | Scale | Million | Million | Million | Million | Million |
    | Interest Income – Loans & Leases | 61993 | 57124 | 37919 | 29282 | 34029 |
    | Interest & Dividends on Investment Secs. | 26007 | 20226 | 17127 | 12376 | 9790 |
    | Trading Account Interest | 10376 | 8773 | 5521 | 3770 | 4128 |
    | FedFundsSold/ScrtyPurch UnderResaleAgrmt | 19911 | 18679 | 4560 | -90 | 903 |
    | Interest Income, Bank | 146607 | 130262 | 72565 | 47672 | 51585 |
    | Interest on Deposit | 38442 | 26163 | 4718 | 537 | 1943 |
    | FedFundsPurch/ScrtySoldUnderRepurchAgrmt | | | | | |
    | Interest on Other Borrowings | 52105 | 47168 | 15385 | 4201 | 6282 |
    | Total Interest Expense | 90547 | 73331 | 20103 | 4738 | 8225 |
    | Net Interest Income | 56060 | 56931 | 52462 | 42934 | 43360 |
    | Loan Loss Provision | 5821 | 4394 | 2543 | -4594 | 4120 |
    | Net Interest Inc. After Loan Loss Prov. | 50239 | 52537 | 49919 | 47528 | 39240 |
    | Non-Interest Income, Bank | 45827 | 41650 | 42488 | 46179 | 42168 |
    | Bank Total Revenue | 101887 | 98581 | 94950 | 89113 | 85528 |
    | Non-Interest Expense, Bank | -66812 | -65845 | -61438 | -59731 | -62413 |
    | Net Income Before Taxes | 29254 | 28342 | 30969 | 33976 | 18995 |
    | Provision for Income Taxes | 2122 | 1827 | 3441 | 1998 | 1101 |
    | Net Income | 27132 | 26515 | 27528 | 31978 | 17894 |
    | Preferred Dividends | -1629 | -1649 | -1513 | -1421 | -1421 |
    | Basic EPS Including Extraordinary Items | 3.24652 | 3.09718 | 3.20631 | 3.59778 | 1.88194 |
    | Basic Weighted Average Shares | 7855.5 | 8028.6 | 8113.7 | 8493.3 | 8753.2 |
    | Diluted EPS Including ExtraOrd Items | 3.21366 | 3.07728 | 3.18519 | 3.57041 | 1.87259 |
    | Diluted Weighted Average Shares | 7935.8 | 8080.5 | 8167.5 | 8558.4 | 8796.9 |
    | Dividends Per Share | 1 | 0.92 | 0.86 | 0.78 | 0.72 |
    | Number of Employees | 213000 | 213000 | 217000 | 208000 | 213000 |

    **## 06050519-IncomeStatement-Annual.csv**

    | | | | | | |
    | — | — | — | — | — | — |
    | Bank of America Corp (06050519) | | | | | |
    | Income Statement – Annual (As Reported) | | | | | |
    | FYE December | 12/31/2024 | 12/31/2023 | 12/31/2022 | 12/31/2021 | 12/31/2020 |
    | Currency | USD | USD | USD | USD | USD |
    | Scale | Million | Million | Million | Million | Million |
    | Interest Income – Loans & Leases | 61993 | 57124 | 37919 | 29282 | 34029 |
    | Interest & Dividends on Investment Secs. | 26007 | 20226 | 17127 | 12376 | 9790 |
    | Trading Account Interest | 10376 | 8773 | 5521 | 3770 | 4128 |
    | FedFundsSold/ScrtyPurch UnderResaleAgrmt | 19911 | 18679 | 4560 | -90 | 903 |
    | Interest Income, Bank | 146607 | 130262 | 72565 | 47672 | 51585 |
    | Interest on Deposit | 38442 | 26163 | 4718 | 537 | 1943 |
    | FedFundsPurch/ScrtySoldUnderRepurchAgrmt | | | | | |
    | Interest on Other Borrowings | 52105 | 47168 | 15385 | 4201 | 6282 |
    | Total Interest Expense | 90547 | 73331 | 20103 | 4738 | 8225 |
    | Net Interest Income | 56060 | 56931 | 52462 | 42934 | 43360 |
    | Loan Loss Provision | 5821 | 4394 | 2543 | -4594 | 4120 |
    | Net Interest Inc. After Loan Loss Prov. | 50239 | 52537 | 49919 | 47528 | 39240 |
    | Non-Interest Income, Bank | 45827 | 41650 | 42488 | 46179 | 42168 |
    | Bank Total Revenue | 101887 | 98581 | 94950 | 89113 | 85528 |
    | Non-Interest Expense, Bank | -66812 | -65845 | -61438 | -59731 | -62413 |
    | Net Income Before Taxes | 29254 | 28342 | 30969 | 33976 | 18995 |
    | Provision for Income Taxes | 2122 | 1827 | 3441 | 1998 | 1101 |
    | Net Income | 27132 | 26515 | 27528 | 31978 | 17894 |
    | Preferred Dividends | -1629 | -1649 | -1513 | -1421 | -1421 |
    | Basic EPS Including Extraordinary Items | 3.24652 | 3.09718 | 3.20631 | 3.59778 | 1.88194 |
    | Basic Weighted Average Shares | 7855.5 | 8028.6 | 8113.7 | 8493.3 | 8753.2 |
    | Diluted EPS Including ExtraOrd Items | 3.21366 | 3.07728 | 3.18519 | 3.57041 | 1.87259 |
    | Diluted Weighted Average Shares | 7935.8 | 8080.5 | 8167.5 | 8558.4 | 8796.9 |
    | Dividends Per Share | 1 | 0.92 | 0.86 | 0.78 | 0.72 |
    | Number of Employees | 213000 | 213000 | 217000 | 208000 | 213000 |

    **## mypaper.docx**

    ![](https://www.sweetstudy.com/questions/data-analyst-20931577)

    **Turning Variables into Knowledge**

    Prior to beginning work on this assignment, read the following: Jaggia, S. (2023). Business analytics: Communicating with numbers (2nd ed.). McGraw-Hill Higher Education.

    · Chapter 1: Introduction to Business Analytics

    · Chapter 2: Data Management and Wrangling

    · Chapter 3: Summary Measures

    Imagine that you are hired as a data analyst for a bank. The bank would like to learn more about its customers’ spending and banking habits to identify areas of improvement. You have been asked to review the bank’s income statements over the last five years and identify trends that will allow them to understand their customers better.

    Download your chosen bank’s annual income statements from the last five years from the
    [_Mergent Market Atlas_](https://marketatlasoa.mergent.com/login?entity=https://idp.ashford.edu/openathens)

    [https://marketatlas.mergent.com/stock/financials/?symbol=06050519&section=Standardized&sub=IncomeStmt&period=Annual&numPeriods=5&type=AsReported&currency=default&scale=default&displaytype=raw&print=0](https://marketatlas.mergent.com/stock/financials/?symbol=06050519&section=Standardized&sub=IncomeStmt&period=Annual&numPeriods=5&type=AsReported&currency=default&scale=default&displaytype=raw&print=0)

    Use the “Company Financials” tab in
    _Mergent Market Atlas_ to access the income statements.

    In your paper,

    · Identify an area of the bank’s income statement related to customer spending.

    · Describe the data points or variables that give a complete picture of the customers’ spending pattern for the last six months.

    · In addition to the income statement, explain which other data sources you might use to understand the customers’ spending patterns.

    · List the steps you will take to prepare all these data sources such that they afford clear and accurate information.

    · Build a frequency table, a bar chart, and a pie chart using Excel for the identified variables that explain the customers’ spending patterns.

    Use the same three variables in each table and chart to display the same data in three different formats.

     After presenting your data in three formats, evaluate which tables and charts you find most helpful for communicating the desired message about the bank’s customers.

    The Turning Variables into Knowledge paper

    · must be two to three double-spaced pages in length (not including title and references pages, charts or tables), and formatted according to

     must include a separate title page with the following:

    · title of paper in bold font

    · Space should appear between the title and the rest of the information on the title page.

    · student’s name

    · name of institution

    · course name and number

    · instructor’s name

    · due date

     must utilize academic voice.

     must include an introduction and conclusion paragraph.

    · Your introduction paragraph needs to end with a clear thesis statement that indicates the purpose of your paper.

    · For assistance on writing
    [_Introductions & Conclusions_](https://writingcenter.uagc.edu/introductions-conclusions)

     must cite the information found in the
    [_Mergent Market Atlas_](https://marketatlasoa.mergent.com/login?entity=https://idp.ashford.edu/openathens) [_Links to an external site._](https://marketatlasoa.mergent.com/login?entity=https://idp.ashford.edu/openathens) 

     must document any information used from sources in APA Style

     must include a separate references page that is formatted according to APA Style

    ![A screenshot of a computer AI-generated content may be incorrect.](https://www.sweetstudy.com/questions/data-analyst-20931577)

    ![A screenshot of a data source AI-generated content may be incorrect.](https://www.sweetstudy.com/questions/data-analyst-20931577)

    ![A screenshot of a computer AI-generated content may be incorrect.](https://www.sweetstudy.com/questions/data-analyst-20931577)

    ![A screenshot of a document AI-generated content may be incorrect.](https://www.sweetstudy.com/questions/data-analyst-20931577)

    ## image2.png

    ## image3.png

    ## image4.png

    ## image5.png

    ## image1.emf

    **## 06050519-IncomeStatement-Annual.csv**

    | | | | | | |
    | — | — | — | — | — | — |
    | Bank of America Corp (06050519) | | | | | |
    | Income Statement – Annual (As Reported) | | | | | |
    | FYE December | 12/31/2024 | 12/31/2023 | 12/31/2022 | 12/31/2021 | 12/31/2020 |
    | Currency | USD | USD | USD | USD | USD |
    | Scale | Million | Million | Million | Million | Million |
    | Interest Income – Loans & Leases | 61993 | 57124 | 37919 | 29282 | 34029 |
    | Interest & Dividends on Investment Secs. | 26007 | 20226 | 17127 | 12376 | 9790 |
    | Trading Account Interest | 10376 | 8773 | 5521 | 3770 | 4128 |
    | FedFundsSold/ScrtyPurch UnderResaleAgrmt | 19911 | 18679 | 4560 | -90 | 903 |
    | Interest Income, Bank | 146607 | 130262 | 72565 | 47672 | 51585 |
    | Interest on Deposit | 38442 | 26163 | 4718 | 537 | 1943 |
    | FedFundsPurch/ScrtySoldUnderRepurchAgrmt | | | | | |
    | Interest on Other Borrowings | 52105 | 47168 | 15385 | 4201 | 6282 |
    | Total Interest Expense | 90547 | 73331 | 20103 | 4738 | 8225 |
    | Net Interest Income | 56060 | 56931 | 52462 | 42934 | 43360 |
    | Loan Loss Provision | 5821 | 4394 | 2543 | -4594 | 4120 |
    | Net Interest Inc. After Loan Loss Prov. | 50239 | 52537 | 49919 | 47528 | 39240 |
    | Non-Interest Income, Bank | 45827 | 41650 | 42488 | 46179 | 42168 |
    | Bank Total Revenue | 101887 | 98581 | 94950 | 89113 | 85528 |
    | Non-Interest Expense, Bank | -66812 | -65845 | -61438 | -59731 | -62413 |
    | Net Income Before Taxes | 29254 | 28342 | 30969 | 33976 | 18995 |
    | Provision for Income Taxes | 2122 | 1827 | 3441 | 1998 | 1101 |
    | Net Income | 27132 | 26515 | 27528 | 31978 | 17894 |
    | Preferred Dividends | -1629 | -1649 | -1513 | -1421 | -1421 |
    | Basic EPS Including Extraordinary Items | 3.24652 | 3.09718 | 3.20631 | 3.59778 | 1.88194 |
    | Basic Weighted Average Shares | 7855.5 | 8028.6 | 8113.7 | 8493.3 | 8753.2 |
    | Diluted EPS Including ExtraOrd Items | 3.21366 | 3.07728 | 3.18519 | 3.57041 | 1.87259 |
    | Diluted Weighted Average Shares | 7935.8 | 8080.5 | 8167.5 | 8558.4 | 8796.9 |
    | Dividends Per Share | 1 | 0.92 | 0.86 | 0.78 | 0.72 |
    | Number of Employees | 213000 | 213000 | 217000 | 208000 | 213000 |

    **## mypaper.docx**

    ![](https://www.sweetstudy.com/questions/data-analyst-20931577)

    **Turning Variables into Knowledge**

    Prior to beginning work on this assignment, read the following: Jaggia, S. (2023). Business analytics: Communicating with numbers (2nd ed.). McGraw-Hill Higher Education.

    · Chapter 1: Introduction to Business Analytics

    · Chapter 2: Data Management and Wrangling

    · Chapter 3: Summary Measures

    Imagine that you are hired as a data analyst for a bank. The bank would like to learn more about its customers’ spending and banking habits to identify areas of improvement. You have been asked to review the bank’s income statements over the last five years and identify trends that will allow them to understand their customers better.

    Download your chosen bank’s annual income statements from the last five years from the
    [_Mergent Market Atlas_](https://marketatlasoa.mergent.com/login?entity=https://idp.ashford.edu/openathens)

    [https://marketatlas.mergent.com/stock/financials/?symbol=06050519&section=Standardized&sub=IncomeStmt&period=Annual&numPeriods=5&type=AsReported&currency=default&scale=default&displaytype=raw&print=0](https://marketatlas.mergent.com/stock/financials/?symbol=06050519&section=Standardized&sub=IncomeStmt&period=Annual&numPeriods=5&type=AsReported&currency=default&scale=default&displaytype=raw&print=0)

    Use the “Company Financials” tab in
    _Mergent Market Atlas_ to access the income statements.

    In your paper,

    · Identify an area of the bank’s income statement related to customer spending.

    · Describe the data points or variables that give a complete picture of the customers’ spending pattern for the last six months.

    · In addition to the income statement, explain which other data sources you might use to understand the customers’ spending patterns.

    · List the steps you will take to prepare all these data sources such that they afford clear and accurate information.

    · Build a frequency table, a bar chart, and a pie chart using Excel for the identified variables that explain the customers’ spending patterns.

    Use the same three variables in each table and chart to display the same data in three different formats.

     After presenting your data in three formats, evaluate which tables and charts you find most helpful for communicating the desired message about the bank’s customers.

    The Turning Variables into Knowledge paper

    · must be two to three double-spaced pages in length (not including title and references pages, charts or tables), and formatted according to

     must include a separate title page with the following:

    · title of paper in bold font

    · Space should appear between the title and the rest of the information on the title page.

    · student’s name

    · name of institution

    · course name and number

    · instructor’s name

    · due date

     must utilize academic voice.

     must include an introduction and conclusion paragraph.

    · Your introduction paragraph needs to end with a clear thesis statement that indicates the purpose of your paper.

    · For assistance on writing
    [_Introductions & Conclusions_](https://writingcenter.uagc.edu/introductions-conclusions)

     must cite the information found in the
    [_Mergent Market Atlas_](https://marketatlasoa.mergent.com/login?entity=https://idp.ashford.edu/openathens) [_Links to an external site._](https://marketatlasoa.mergent.com/login?entity=https://idp.ashford.edu/openathens) 

     must document any information used from sources in APA Style

     must include a separate references page that is formatted according to APA Style

    ![A screenshot of a computer AI-generated content may be incorrect.](https://www.sweetstudy.com/questions/data-analyst-20931577)

    ![A screenshot of a data source AI-generated content may be incorrect.](https://www.sweetstudy.com/questions/data-analyst-20931577)

    ![A screenshot of a computer AI-generated content may be incorrect.](https://www.sweetstudy.com/questions/data-analyst-20931577)

    ![A screenshot of a document AI-generated content may be incorrect.](https://www.sweetstudy.com/questions/data-analyst-20931577)

    ## image2.png

    ## image3.png

    ## image4.png

    ## image5.png

    ## image1.emf

    **## 06050519-IncomeStatement-Annual.csv**

    | | | | | | |
    | — | — | — | — | — | — |
    | Bank of America Corp (06050519) | | | | | |
    | Income Statement – Annual (As Reported) | | | | | |
    | FYE December | 12/31/2024 | 12/31/2023 | 12/31/2022 | 12/31/2021 | 12/31/2020 |
    | Currency | USD | USD | USD | USD | USD |
    | Scale | Million | Million | Million | Million | Million |
    | Interest Income – Loans & Leases | 61993 | 57124 | 37919 | 29282 | 34029 |
    | Interest & Dividends on Investment Secs. | 26007 | 20226 | 17127 | 12376 | 9790 |
    | Trading Account Interest | 10376 | 8773 | 5521 | 3770 | 4128 |
    | FedFundsSold/ScrtyPurch UnderResaleAgrmt | 19911 | 18679 | 4560 | -90 | 903 |
    | Interest Income, Bank | 146607 | 130262 | 72565 | 47672 | 51585 |
    | Interest on Deposit | 38442 | 26163 | 4718 | 537 | 1943 |
    | FedFundsPurch/ScrtySoldUnderRepurchAgrmt | | | | | |
    | Interest on Other Borrowings | 52105 | 47168 | 15385 | 4201 | 6282 |
    | Total Interest Expense | 90547 | 73331 | 20103 | 4738 | 8225 |
    | Net Interest Income | 56060 | 56931 | 52462 | 42934 | 43360 |
    | Loan Loss Provision | 5821 | 4394 | 2543 | -4594 | 4120 |
    | Net Interest Inc. After Loan Loss Prov. | 50239 | 52537 | 49919 | 47528 | 39240 |
    | Non-Interest Income, Bank | 45827 | 41650 | 42488 | 46179 | 42168 |
    | Bank Total Revenue | 101887 | 98581 | 94950 | 89113 | 85528 |
    | Non-Interest Expense, Bank | -66812 | -65845 | -61438 | -59731 | -62413 |
    | Net Income Before Taxes | 29254 | 28342 | 30969 | 33976 | 18995 |
    | Provision for Income Taxes | 2122 | 1827 | 3441 | 1998 | 1101 |
    | Net Income | 27132 | 26515 | 27528 | 31978 | 17894 |
    | Preferred Dividends | -1629 | -1649 | -1513 | -1421 | -1421 |
    | Basic EPS Including Extraordinary Items | 3.24652 | 3.09718 | 3.20631 | 3.59778 | 1.88194 |
    | Basic Weighted Average Shares | 7855.5 | 8028.6 | 8113.7 | 8493.3 | 8753.2 |
    | Diluted EPS Including ExtraOrd Items | 3.21366 | 3.07728 | 3.18519 | 3.57041 | 1.87259 |
    | Diluted Weighted Average Shares | 7935.8 | 8080.5 | 8167.5 | 8558.4 | 8796.9 |
    | Dividends Per Share | 1 | 0.92 | 0.86 | 0.78 | 0.72 |
    | Number of Employees | 213000 | 213000 | 217000 | 208000 | 213000 |

    – 1
    – 2

  • [Solved] Fundamentals of Oral Communications

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    – ## OutlineTemplate_PersuasiveSpeech1.docx **## OutlineTemplate_PersuasiveSpeech1.docx** Persuasive Speech Outline Template **Outline** I. **Introduction** A. **Attention Grabber:** B. **Thesis Statement/Claim:** (must include specific Objective — what are you going to convince the audience abou…

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    – ## OutlineTemplate_PersuasiveSpeech1.docx

    **## OutlineTemplate_PersuasiveSpeech1.docx**

    Persuasive Speech Outline Template

    **Outline**

    I.
    **Introduction**

    A.
    **Attention Grabber:**

    B.
    **Thesis Statement/Claim:** (must include specific Objective — what are you going to convince the audience about?, topic and sub-topics)

    C.
    **Credibility:** why are you the right person to discuss this topic? What is your knowledge or experience with this topic?

    II.
    **Body—the main points/arguments are the sub-topics you mentioned you were going to discuss in your Thesis Statement. Remember try to keep it at around three main points.**

    A. Argument 1

    a. Evidence (can be data/statistics/testimonials/anecdotes, etc.) Cite your source

    b. Evidence (can be data/statistics/testimonials/anecdotes, etc.) Cite your source

    c. Evidence (can be data/statistics/testimonials/anecdotes, etc.) Cite your source

    B. Argument 2

    a. Evidence (can be data/statistics/testimonials/anecdotes, etc.) Cite your source

    b. Evidence (can be data/statistics/testimonials/anecdotes, etc.) Cite your source

    c. Evidence (can be data/statistics/testimonials/anecdotes, etc.) Cite your source

    C. Argument 3

    a. Evidence (can be data/statistics/testimonials/anecdotes, etc.) Cite your source

    b. Evidence (can be data/statistics/testimonials/anecdotes, etc.) Cite your source

    c. Evidence (can be data/statistics/testimonials/anecdotes, etc.) Cite your source

    D. Counterargument

    a. Explain an opposing opinion and what evidence (data/statistics/testimonials/anecdotes) you have to refute it.

    III.
    **Conclusion:**

    A. Restate your claim

    B. Recap your main arguments

    C. Finish with your specific call to action.

    **## OutlineTemplate_PersuasiveSpeech1.docx**

    Persuasive Speech Outline Template

    **Outline**

    I.
    **Introduction**

    A.
    **Attention Grabber:**

    B.
    **Thesis Statement/Claim:** (must include specific Objective — what are you going to convince the audience about?, topic and sub-topics)

    C.
    **Credibility:** why are you the right person to discuss this topic? What is your knowledge or experience with this topic?

    II.
    **Body—the main points/arguments are the sub-topics you mentioned you were going to discuss in your Thesis Statement. Remember try to keep it at around three main points.**

    A. Argument 1

    a. Evidence (can be data/statistics/testimonials/anecdotes, etc.) Cite your source

    b. Evidence (can be data/statistics/testimonials/anecdotes, etc.) Cite your source

    c. Evidence (can be data/statistics/testimonials/anecdotes, etc.) Cite your source

    B. Argument 2

    a. Evidence (can be data/statistics/testimonials/anecdotes, etc.) Cite your source

    b. Evidence (can be data/statistics/testimonials/anecdotes, etc.) Cite your source

    c. Evidence (can be data/statistics/testimonials/anecdotes, etc.) Cite your source

    C. Argument 3

    a. Evidence (can be data/statistics/testimonials/anecdotes, etc.) Cite your source

    b. Evidence (can be data/statistics/testimonials/anecdotes, etc.) Cite your source

    c. Evidence (can be data/statistics/testimonials/anecdotes, etc.) Cite your source

    D. Counterargument

    a. Explain an opposing opinion and what evidence (data/statistics/testimonials/anecdotes) you have to refute it.

    III.
    **Conclusion:**

    A. Restate your claim

    B. Recap your main arguments

    C. Finish with your specific call to action.

  • [Solved] Work

    ✓ Verified Academic Solution Available

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    APA format, in-text citation, references include Complete all 5 parts in details and complete work for all the requirements \ Need.docx](https://www.sweetstudy.com/files/need-docx-10365461 "Need.docx")

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    APA format, in-text citation, references include
    Complete all 5 parts in details and complete work for all the requirements
    \
    Need.docx](https://www.sweetstudy.com/files/need-docx-10365461 "Need.docx")

  • [Solved] Diversity and Inclusion in Organizational Culture

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    Even though our society has become more diverse, the same trend has not happened as quickly in the business industry. One reason for this is that individuals from today's underrepresented groups are often first-generation college graduates who do not have a mentor or role model to look up to and fol…

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    Assignment Prompt & Instructions

    Even though our society has become more diverse, the same trend has not happened as quickly in the business industry. One reason for this is that individuals from today's underrepresented groups are often first-generation college graduates who do not have a mentor or role model to look up to and follow.
    For this discussion forum, consider how you would implement a mentoring program within your company (your company can either be real or hypothetical). Why would this mentoring program be important, and how would you measure the success of such an initiative? In addition, discuss how a mentoring program might improve the retention of underrepresented groups.
    Initial post to be a substantive post of approximately 500 words and at least two supporting references, one must come from a CSU Library database.

  • [Solved] 4 Logics of change

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    – ## TheFourLogicsofChangeChapter8.docx – ## Sample2_ReactionPaperSAMPOOLE.pdf – ## OGL550_Module5_FluxTransformationLens.pdf – ## BarrettPeterson2000_AppreciativeInquiryCompetencies.pdf – 1Balogun2001_LeadingOrganizationalChange.pdf – StrategicLeadership_HBR.pdf – Openo2016_AppreciativeInqui…

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    Assignment Prompt & Instructions

    – ## TheFourLogicsofChangeChapter8.docx

    – ## Sample2_ReactionPaperSAMPOOLE.pdf

    – ## OGL550_Module5_FluxTransformationLens.pdf

    – ## BarrettPeterson2000_AppreciativeInquiryCompetencies.pdf

    – 1Balogun2001_LeadingOrganizationalChange.pdf
    – StrategicLeadership_HBR.pdf
    – Openo2016_AppreciativeInquiryOrgChange.pdf
    – Galli2018_FiveModelsOfChange_ComparativeAnalysisConcerns.pdf
    – Phoenix_OrgDevelopmentJobDescriptions_March2020.pdf
    – PeaceCorpsGuide_Asset-basedOrganizationalChange.pdf
    – Austin2015_LeadingEffectiveChange.pdf

    **## TheFourLogicsofChangeChapter8.docx**

    **The Four Logics of Change Chapter 8. Chapter 8 in the TEXTBOOK: Morgan, G. (2006): Unfolding logics of change: Organizations as flux and transformation (pp. 241-287).**

    **1. Autopoiesis and Self-Production**

    ·
    **Definition**: From biology, autopoiesis refers to systems capable of reproducing and maintaining themselves.

    ·
    **Organizational Application**: Organizations are self-producing. They adapt and evolve by continuously reproducing their structure through internal communication and decision-making.

    ·
    **Key Idea**: Change comes from within — not just from external pressures.

    **2. Dialectical Change**

    ·
    **Definition**: Rooted in Hegelian and Marxist thought, dialectics involves contradiction and conflict as drivers of change.

    ·
    **Organizational Application**: Change arises when
    **opposing forces (e.g., management vs. labor)** clash, leading to new synthesis.

    ·
    **Key Idea**: Conflict isn’t always bad — it can be a
    **creative force**.

    **3. Evolutionary Change**

    ·
    **Definition**: Borrowed from Darwinian theory — change happens through variation, selection, and retention.

    ·
    **Organizational Application**: Organizations evolve as new ideas emerge, are tested, and either adopted or discarded.

    ·
    **Key Idea**: The environment “selects” which organizational forms survive, favoring adaptability.

    **4. Chaos and Complexity Theory**

    ·
    **Definition**: Organizations behave like complex adaptive systems — unpredictable, non-linear, and sensitive to small changes (the "butterfly effect").

    ·
    **Organizational Application**: Leaders can’t fully control change; instead, they create conditions for
    **emergent order**.

    ·
    **Key Idea**: Organizations don’t always follow clear paths — they
    **self-organize** and adapt.

    **Implications for Practice**

    · Leaders must
    **let go of control** and understand that
    **uncertainty and instability** are normal.

    · Organizational change is not always
    **planned or linear**; often, it
    **emerges from interactions** among people, ideas, and structures.

    · Encouraging
    **learning, adaptability, and openness** is more effective than enforcing rigid rules.

    **Visual Metaphors**

    Morgan uses metaphors like:

    ·
    **“Organization as a river”** — always flowing and changing.

    ·
    **“Organization as living system”** — growing, learning, adapting.

    **Conclusion**

    Understanding organizations as systems in flux encourages more responsive, dynamic, and participatory approaches to leadership and change. It challenges traditional command-and-control views, replacing them with more
    **organic, evolutionary, and interactive** models of organizing.

    **## Sample2_ReactionPaperSAMPOOLE.pdf**

    PROF’S NEW EXAMPLE OF A REACTION PAPER, Summer 2025
    \*\* Note: ALL the details here are MADE UP and/or filled with Latin “Ipsum…” nonsense words.**

    Module 2 Reaction Paper: Chapter 4 of Sam Poole’s WAKE UP, F$$L: Stop Sleepwalking!

    Chapter Intro
    ● We lead organizations lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit.
    n Pellentesque luctus, felis quis sagittis accumsan, lorem enim vestibulum lorem, in ultricies

    odio vel pellentesque facilisis.
    n Vestibulum ante ipsum primis in faucibus orci luctus et ultrices posuere cubilia curae

    neque dictum purus scelerisque efficitur sed vel nunc.
    “Aenean id fringilla lectus. Duis iaculis tortor sit amet purus vehicula, at ullamcorper velit
    venenatis. Morbi eget massa eget diam lacinia dignissim quis nec tortor. Duis ut vehicula nibh,
    sit amet egestas diam.” (Poole 2025, page 107).

    n Nunc porttitor elementum nisi, sit amet euismod ligula.
    n Sed vel urna quis arcu molestie tristique. Pellentesque at suscipit elit, ac fringilla lectus.

    Donec in viverra nisl. Duis eget sem id erat laoreet accumsan et in justo.
    o Sed dignissim volutpat sapien. Example: Humor and art can be IRREVERENT.
    o Eget fermentum. Example: “Instead of saying I F-D UP MY LIFE, or I WAS SO STUPID,

    you need to tell yourself I HAVE LEARNED A LOT SINCE THEN.” (Poole 2025, page 109).

    The First Case Study
    o Sed sed commodo risus, eu pellentesque nunc. Cras imperdiet finibus varius.
    o Aenean id fringilla lectus. Duis iaculis tortor sit amet purus vehicula, at ullamcorper velit

    venenatis. Morbi eget massa eget diam
    o Lacinia dignissim quis nec tortor. Duis ut vehicula nibh, sit amet egestas diam. Nunc

    lobortis posuere gravida. Proin ipseum.

    n Pellentesque aenean id fringilla lectus. Duis iaculis tortor sit amet purus vehicula, at
    ullamcorper velit venenatis. Morbi eget massa eget diam

    n Lacinia primis in faucibus orci luctus et ultrices posuere cubilia curae neque dictum purus
    scelerisque efficitur sed vel nunc. dignissim quis nec tortor. Duis ut vehicula nibh, sit amet
    egestas diam. Nunc lobortis posuere gravida. Proin ipseum.

    n luctus, felis quis sagittis accumsan, lorem enim vestibulum lorem, in ultricies
    o odio vel pellentesque facilisis.
    o Vestibulum ante ipsum (REMINDS ME of bullies in 7th grade! Punched them.)

    Great Leaders are DEVELOPED not simply BORN

    o While it’s okay – and AWESOME — if you were “BORN THIS WAY, baby!”
    o When it comes to LEADERS we all start learning early, though some learn and practice

    leadership earlier and more adeptly (yet even THEY are not “BORN LEADERS”)
    n Experience lacinia dignissim quis nec tortor. Duis ut vehicula nibh, sit amet egestas diam.

    Nunc lobortis posuere gravida. Proin ipseum.
    n Pellentesque aenean id fringilla lectus. Duis iaculis tortor sit amet purus
    n Vehicula, at ullamcorper velit venenatis. Morbi eget massa eget diam
    n Lacinia primis in faucibus orci luctus et ultrices posuere cubilia curae neque dictum purus

    scelerisque efficitur sed vel nunc.
    o dignissim quis nec tortor.
    o Duis ut vehicula nibh, sit amet egestas diam. Nunc lobortis posuere gravida.

    n Et luctus, felis quis sagittis accumsan, lorem enim vestibulum lorem, in ultricies
    n While being stabbed he exclaimed “ET TU, BRUTE!” Et odio vel pellentesque facilisis.
    n Vestibulum ante ipsum

    Of Rascals and Rabble-Rousers

    n Duis ut vehicula nibh, sit amet egestas diam. Nunc lobortis posuere gravida. Proin ipseum.
    n Pellentesque aenean id fringilla lectus. Duis iaculis tortor sit amet purus

    o Example: Vehicula, at ullamcorper velit venenatis. Morbi eget massa eget
    diam. Lacinia orci luctus et ultrices posuere cubilia curae neque dictum.

    n purus scelerisque efficitur sed vel nunc.
    o dignissim quis nec tortor.
    o Duis ut vehicula nibh, sit amet egestas diam. Nunc lobortis posuere gravida.
    o Proin ipseum.

    n Successful leaders Duis ut vehicula nibh, sit amet egestas diam. Nunc lobortis posuere
    gravida. Proin ipseum.

    n Pellentesque aenean id fringilla lectus. Duis iaculis tortor sit amet purus
    n Vehicula, at ullamcorper velit venenatis. Morbi eget massa eget diam
    n Lacinia primis in faucibus orci luctus et ultrices posuere cubilia curae neque dictum purus

    scelerisque efficitur sed vel nunc.

    How Mermaids Can Riot and “Dispatch” the Unwary Seaman
    Vehicula, at ullamcorper velit venenatis. Morbi eget massa eget diam
    n Lacinia primis in faucibus orci luctus et ultrices posuere cubilia curae

    How Is a Professor Never Late, but Arrives PRECISELY when they need to arrive?
    ● The neque dictum purus scelerisque efficitur sed vel nunc dignissim quis nec tortor et tutor.

    “Radicals must vel fermentum enim. Vivamus quis velit a velit volutpat volutpat. Morbi mollis a
    est nec molestie. Nunc in facilisis nibh. Duis eleifend purus et molestie egestas. Duis ac nibh sed
    purus sodales dapibus.” (Poole 2025, page 98).

    My Reaction / Reflections
    At first ante ipsum prima fascia. Morbi eget massa eget diam. Lacinia primis in faucibus orci
    luctus et ultrices posuere cubilia. Much like Bugs Bunny “took a wrong turn at Albuquerque” we
    find ourselves thinking we are “all right” until we are quite wrong, though it may give us a
    chance to become friends with the Tasmanian Devil.
    Then vestibulum ante ipsum prima fascia. Morbi eget massa eget diam. Lacinia primis in
    faucibus orci luctus et ultrices posuere cubilia curae neque dictum purus scelerisque efficitur
    sed vel — et tu Brute. When I volunteer et pellente sque iaculis tortor sit amet purus vehicula, at
    ullamcorper velit venenatis. Morbi eget massa eget diam. Lacinia primis in faucibus orci luctus
    et ultrices posuere cubilia curae neque dictum purus scelerisque efficitur sed vel nunc tortor.
    Duis ut — just like my mother used to say when confronting racists.
    When I helped organize and lead aenean id fringilla lectus. Duis iaculis tortor sit amet purus
    vehicula, at ullamcorper velit venenatis. Luctus, felis quis sagittis accumsan, lorem enim
    vestibulum lorem, in ultricies eget massa eget diam lacinia dignissim quis nec tortor. Duis ut
    lobortis posuere gravida. Proin ipseum accumsan, dignissim quis nec tortor. Duis ut vehicula
    nibh, sit amet egestas diam. Nunc lobortis posuere gravida. Proin ipseum. This gives us some
    powerful practical examples AND inspiration, making me appreciate this course all the more.

    **## OGL550_Module5_FluxTransformationLens.pdf**

    Copyright © 2020 Arizona Board of Regents.

    OGL 550

    Organizations as
    Flux & Change
    Morgan Ch. 8

    Copyright © 2020 Arizona Board of Regents.

    Organizations as Flux & Transformation
    • Sees organizations not as a “thing” (object), but rather as an ongoing process

    (e.g., organizing, communicating, relating)

    • They cannot be understood in isolation, must be understood as part of the ebb and
    flow of the whole environment

    • They have a capacity to self- organize, change, and self-renew, guided by their
    institutional identity (e.g., purpose, culture, relationships)

    • Similar to ideas of Heraclitus, who saw the universe as a constant stage of flux, and
    embodying elements of both permanence and change.

    Copyright © 2020 Arizona Board of Regents.

    Key Aspects of Flux & Transformation Lens
    • Order can naturally emerge out of chaos

    • Organizations have a natural capacity to self-renew

    • Organizational life is not governed by linear, reductionist rules of cause and effect

    • Tensions are a source for emergence, e.g., innovation & new ways of doing things

    • Formal organizational structures (teams, hierarchies) represent just one of many
    dimensions of organizational life

    • Four logics of organizational change:
    • Autopoiesis
    • Chaos & complexity
    • Mutual causality
    • Dialectical change

    Copyright © 2020 Arizona Board of Regents.

    Autopoiesis
    • Logic: Organization is a self producing system

    • Sees change originating in the environment

    • Autopiesis systems are closed loops—energy recirculates

    • Morgan refers an organization as a self referential system that strives to shape itself in its own image

    • Maturana and Varela believe living systems to be characterized by:
    • Autonomy
    • circularity
    • Self-reference.

    • These three features allow the system to self-create or self-renew.

    • The aim of autopoietic systems is to produce themselves.
    Thus, their own organization and identity is paramount.

    Copyright © 2020 Arizona Board of Regents.

    Autopoiesis
    • As organizations assert their identities, leaders can initiate transformation in the social

    ecology to which they belong, e.g., creating conditions that will allow them to evolve along with their
    operating environment

    • Organizations are always attempting to achieve ‘self-referential closure… enacting their
    environments as extensions of their own identity.’

    • Many problems that organizations encounter are a result of their attempt to maintain a particular
    identity that’s not adaptive with their operating environment

    • Explanations of organizational evolution, change, and development must include internal and
    external factors that create patterns over time

    Copyright © 2020 Arizona Board of Regents.

    Chaos & Complexity
    • View that complex, non-linear systems (e.g., organizations, the human body) are

    characterized by multiple systems of interaction that are both ordered and chaotic.

    • Chaos and complexity are parts of the same interconnected (evolving) pattern
    • Random disturbances can produce unpredictable events and relationships.

    • Eventually, however, coherent order always emerges out of the randomness and
    surface chaos.

    Copyright © 2020 Arizona Board of Regents.

    Chaos & Complexity

    Complexity theory suggests that organizational change should be guided by:

    1. Rethinking what we mean by ‘organization’ – especially in terms of hierarchy and
    control. Order does not have to be imposed, it can emerge organically if
    organizational structures and identity are adaptive.

    2. Organizational learning, and how to lead and manage changing contexts

    3. Learning how to use small changes to create large effects

    4. Living with continuous transformation and emergent order as a natural state of affairs

    5. Being open to new metaphors and mental models that can facilitate processes of self-
    organization.

    Copyright © 2020 Arizona Board of Regents.

    Mutual Causality
    Individuals are able to influence system dynamics through examining the interaction of

    positive and negative feedback loops, and shaping these as necessary.

    Change and causation is not one way. A can influence B at the same time B influences A.

    Change does not unfold in a linear fashion but via circular patterns (loops, not lines).

    Outcomes cannot be predicted in complex, nonlinear systems. For example, when you
    pour creamer into your coffee, it will never travel exactly the same path in the cup.
    However, we can understand underlying patterns and principles, e.g., fluid dynamics to
    describe likely trajectories. This enable us to develop plans based on understanding of
    these underlying principles.

    Copyright © 2020 Arizona Board of Regents.

    Dialectical Change
    • We cannot fully understand something without knowing its opposite, e.g., you cannot

    truly know the meaning of ‘hot’ unless you understand what ‘cold’ means

    Dialectical Principle #1 –
    • Whenever one person attempts to control another, a process of resistance undermines

    that attempt

    • The act of control itself sets up consequences that work against its effectiveness.

    • It accounts for processes of self generated change, whereby phenomena change
    themselves as a result of tension with the opposite to create balance

    Copyright © 2020 Arizona Board of Regents.

    Dialectical Change
    Principle #2
    • Negations of negations retain something from that form, leading to an evolution in

    patterns of control
    • Explains how change may become developmental, in the sense that each negation

    rejects a previous form, yet also retains something from that form

    Principle #3
    • Changes in quantity lead to changes in quality.
    • Accounts for processes of revolutionary change, whereby one form of social

    organization gives way to another

    Copyright © 2020 Arizona Board of Regents.

    Strengths & Limitations of Flux /Change Metaphor
    Strengths

    • Offers new insights into the nature and source of change

    • This expanded understanding gives us more options for management and leadership
    (e.g., how to structure organizations for self-organizing teams)

    • Offers to leaders and managers a powerful new perspective on their role in facilitating
    emergent change.

    Limitations
    • Individuals that find comfort in controlling, organizing, and predicting system change

    may struggle with the concept of "powerless power”

    • The orderliness of change only becomes apparent with hindsight

    – OGL 550��Organizations as Flux & Change��Morgan Ch. 8
    – Organizations as Flux & Transformation
    – Key Aspects of Flux & Transformation Lens
    – Autopoiesis
    – Autopoiesis
    – Chaos & Complexity
    – Chaos & Complexity
    – Mutual Causality
    – Dialectical Change
    – Dialectical Change
    – Strengths & Limitations of Flux /Change Metaphor

    **## BarrettPeterson2000_AppreciativeInquiryCompetencies.pdf**

    Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

    Appreciative learning cultures: Developing competencies for global organizing
    Barrett, Frank J;Peterson, Rick
    Organization Development Journal; Summer 2000; 18, 2; ABI/INFORM Collection
    pg. 10

    Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

    Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

    Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

    Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

    Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

    Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

    Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

    Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

    Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

    Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

    Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

    **1Balogun2001_LeadingOrganizationalChange.pdf**

    This file is too large to display. [View in new window](https://www.sweetstudy.com/files/1balogun2001-leadingorganizationalchange-pdf)

    **StrategicLeadership_HBR.pdf**

    This file is too large to display. [View in new window](https://www.sweetstudy.com/files/strategicleadership-hbr-pdf)

    **Openo2016_AppreciativeInquiryOrgChange.pdf**

    This file is too large to display. [View in new window](https://www.sweetstudy.com/files/openo2016-appreciativeinquiryorgchange-pdf)

    **Galli2018_FiveModelsOfChange_ComparativeAnalysisConcerns.pdf**

    This file is too large to display. [View in new window](https://www.sweetstudy.com/files/galli2018-fivemodelsofchange-comparativeanalysisconcerns-pdf)

    **Phoenix_OrgDevelopmentJobDescriptions_March2020.pdf**

    This file is too large to display. [View in new window](https://www.sweetstudy.com/files/phoenix-orgdevelopmentjobdescriptions-march2020-pdf)

    **PeaceCorpsGuide_Asset-basedOrganizationalChange.pdf**

    This file is too large to display. [View in new window](https://www.sweetstudy.com/files/peacecorpsguide-asset-basedorganizationalchange-pdf)

    **Austin2015_LeadingEffectiveChange.pdf**

    This file is too large to display. [View in new window](https://www.sweetstudy.com/files/austin2015-leadingeffectivechange-pdf)

    **Austin2015_LeadingEffectiveChange.pdf**

    This file is too large to display. [View in new window](https://www.sweetstudy.com/files/austin2015-leadingeffectivechange-pdf)

    **## TheFourLogicsofChangeChapter8.docx**

    **The Four Logics of Change Chapter 8. Chapter 8 in the TEXTBOOK: Morgan, G. (2006): Unfolding logics of change: Organizations as flux and transformation (pp. 241-287).**

    **1. Autopoiesis and Self-Production**

    ·
    **Definition**: From biology, autopoiesis refers to systems capable of reproducing and maintaining themselves.

    ·
    **Organizational Application**: Organizations are self-producing. They adapt and evolve by continuously reproducing their structure through internal communication and decision-making.

    ·
    **Key Idea**: Change comes from within — not just from external pressures.

    **2. Dialectical Change**

    ·
    **Definition**: Rooted in Hegelian and Marxist thought, dialectics involves contradiction and conflict as drivers of change.

    ·
    **Organizational Application**: Change arises when
    **opposing forces (e.g., management vs. labor)** clash, leading to new synthesis.

    ·
    **Key Idea**: Conflict isn’t always bad — it can be a
    **creative force**.

    **3. Evolutionary Change**

    ·
    **Definition**: Borrowed from Darwinian theory — change happens through variation, selection, and retention.

    ·
    **Organizational Application**: Organizations evolve as new ideas emerge, are tested, and either adopted or discarded.

    ·
    **Key Idea**: The environment “selects” which organizational forms survive, favoring adaptability.

    **4. Chaos and Complexity Theory**

    ·
    **Definition**: Organizations behave like complex adaptive systems — unpredictable, non-linear, and sensitive to small changes (the "butterfly effect").

    ·
    **Organizational Application**: Leaders can’t fully control change; instead, they create conditions for
    **emergent order**.

    ·
    **Key Idea**: Organizations don’t always follow clear paths — they
    **self-organize** and adapt.

    **Implications for Practice**

    · Leaders must
    **let go of control** and understand that
    **uncertainty and instability** are normal.

    · Organizational change is not always
    **planned or linear**; often, it
    **emerges from interactions** among people, ideas, and structures.

    · Encouraging
    **learning, adaptability, and openness** is more effective than enforcing rigid rules.

    **Visual Metaphors**

    Morgan uses metaphors like:

    ·
    **“Organization as a river”** — always flowing and changing.

    ·
    **“Organization as living system”** — growing, learning, adapting.

    **Conclusion**

    Understanding organizations as systems in flux encourages more responsive, dynamic, and participatory approaches to leadership and change. It challenges traditional command-and-control views, replacing them with more
    **organic, evolutionary, and interactive** models of organizing.

    **## Sample2_ReactionPaperSAMPOOLE.pdf**

    PROF’S NEW EXAMPLE OF A REACTION PAPER, Summer 2025
    \*\* Note: ALL the details here are MADE UP and/or filled with Latin “Ipsum…” nonsense words.**

    Module 2 Reaction Paper: Chapter 4 of Sam Poole’s WAKE UP, F$$L: Stop Sleepwalking!

    Chapter Intro
    ● We lead organizations lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit.
    n Pellentesque luctus, felis quis sagittis accumsan, lorem enim vestibulum lorem, in ultricies

    odio vel pellentesque facilisis.
    n Vestibulum ante ipsum primis in faucibus orci luctus et ultrices posuere cubilia curae

    neque dictum purus scelerisque efficitur sed vel nunc.
    “Aenean id fringilla lectus. Duis iaculis tortor sit amet purus vehicula, at ullamcorper velit
    venenatis. Morbi eget massa eget diam lacinia dignissim quis nec tortor. Duis ut vehicula nibh,
    sit amet egestas diam.” (Poole 2025, page 107).

    n Nunc porttitor elementum nisi, sit amet euismod ligula.
    n Sed vel urna quis arcu molestie tristique. Pellentesque at suscipit elit, ac fringilla lectus.

    Donec in viverra nisl. Duis eget sem id erat laoreet accumsan et in justo.
    o Sed dignissim volutpat sapien. Example: Humor and art can be IRREVERENT.
    o Eget fermentum. Example: “Instead of saying I F-D UP MY LIFE, or I WAS SO STUPID,

    you need to tell yourself I HAVE LEARNED A LOT SINCE THEN.” (Poole 2025, page 109).

    The First Case Study
    o Sed sed commodo risus, eu pellentesque nunc. Cras imperdiet finibus varius.
    o Aenean id fringilla lectus. Duis iaculis tortor sit amet purus vehicula, at ullamcorper velit

    venenatis. Morbi eget massa eget diam
    o Lacinia dignissim quis nec tortor. Duis ut vehicula nibh, sit amet egestas diam. Nunc

    lobortis posuere gravida. Proin ipseum.

    n Pellentesque aenean id fringilla lectus. Duis iaculis tortor sit amet purus vehicula, at
    ullamcorper velit venenatis. Morbi eget massa eget diam

    n Lacinia primis in faucibus orci luctus et ultrices posuere cubilia curae neque dictum purus
    scelerisque efficitur sed vel nunc. dignissim quis nec tortor. Duis ut vehicula nibh, sit amet
    egestas diam. Nunc lobortis posuere gravida. Proin ipseum.

    n luctus, felis quis sagittis accumsan, lorem enim vestibulum lorem, in ultricies
    o odio vel pellentesque facilisis.
    o Vestibulum ante ipsum (REMINDS ME of bullies in 7th grade! Punched them.)

    Great Leaders are DEVELOPED not simply BORN

    o While it’s okay – and AWESOME — if you were “BORN THIS WAY, baby!”
    o When it comes to LEADERS we all start learning early, though some learn and practice

    leadership earlier and more adeptly (yet even THEY are not “BORN LEADERS”)
    n Experience lacinia dignissim quis nec tortor. Duis ut vehicula nibh, sit amet egestas diam.

    Nunc lobortis posuere gravida. Proin ipseum.
    n Pellentesque aenean id fringilla lectus. Duis iaculis tortor sit amet purus
    n Vehicula, at ullamcorper velit venenatis. Morbi eget massa eget diam
    n Lacinia primis in faucibus orci luctus et ultrices posuere cubilia curae neque dictum purus

    scelerisque efficitur sed vel nunc.
    o dignissim quis nec tortor.
    o Duis ut vehicula nibh, sit amet egestas diam. Nunc lobortis posuere gravida.

    n Et luctus, felis quis sagittis accumsan, lorem enim vestibulum lorem, in ultricies
    n While being stabbed he exclaimed “ET TU, BRUTE!” Et odio vel pellentesque facilisis.
    n Vestibulum ante ipsum

    Of Rascals and Rabble-Rousers

    n Duis ut vehicula nibh, sit amet egestas diam. Nunc lobortis posuere gravida. Proin ipseum.
    n Pellentesque aenean id fringilla lectus. Duis iaculis tortor sit amet purus

    o Example: Vehicula, at ullamcorper velit venenatis. Morbi eget massa eget
    diam. Lacinia orci luctus et ultrices posuere cubilia curae neque dictum.

    n purus scelerisque efficitur sed vel nunc.
    o dignissim quis nec tortor.
    o Duis ut vehicula nibh, sit amet egestas diam. Nunc lobortis posuere gravida.
    o Proin ipseum.

    n Successful leaders Duis ut vehicula nibh, sit amet egestas diam. Nunc lobortis posuere
    gravida. Proin ipseum.

    n Pellentesque aenean id fringilla lectus. Duis iaculis tortor sit amet purus
    n Vehicula, at ullamcorper velit venenatis. Morbi eget massa eget diam
    n Lacinia primis in faucibus orci luctus et ultrices posuere cubilia curae neque dictum purus

    scelerisque efficitur sed vel nunc.

    How Mermaids Can Riot and “Dispatch” the Unwary Seaman
    Vehicula, at ullamcorper velit venenatis. Morbi eget massa eget diam
    n Lacinia primis in faucibus orci luctus et ultrices posuere cubilia curae

    How Is a Professor Never Late, but Arrives PRECISELY when they need to arrive?
    ● The neque dictum purus scelerisque efficitur sed vel nunc dignissim quis nec tortor et tutor.

    “Radicals must vel fermentum enim. Vivamus quis velit a velit volutpat volutpat. Morbi mollis a
    est nec molestie. Nunc in facilisis nibh. Duis eleifend purus et molestie egestas. Duis ac nibh sed
    purus sodales dapibus.” (Poole 2025, page 98).

    My Reaction / Reflections
    At first ante ipsum prima fascia. Morbi eget massa eget diam. Lacinia primis in faucibus orci
    luctus et ultrices posuere cubilia. Much like Bugs Bunny “took a wrong turn at Albuquerque” we
    find ourselves thinking we are “all right” until we are quite wrong, though it may give us a
    chance to become friends with the Tasmanian Devil.
    Then vestibulum ante ipsum prima fascia. Morbi eget massa eget diam. Lacinia primis in
    faucibus orci luctus et ultrices posuere cubilia curae neque dictum purus scelerisque efficitur
    sed vel — et tu Brute. When I volunteer et pellente sque iaculis tortor sit amet purus vehicula, at
    ullamcorper velit venenatis. Morbi eget massa eget diam. Lacinia primis in faucibus orci luctus
    et ultrices posuere cubilia curae neque dictum purus scelerisque efficitur sed vel nunc tortor.
    Duis ut — just like my mother used to say when confronting racists.
    When I helped organize and lead aenean id fringilla lectus. Duis iaculis tortor sit amet purus
    vehicula, at ullamcorper velit venenatis. Luctus, felis quis sagittis accumsan, lorem enim
    vestibulum lorem, in ultricies eget massa eget diam lacinia dignissim quis nec tortor. Duis ut
    lobortis posuere gravida. Proin ipseum accumsan, dignissim quis nec tortor. Duis ut vehicula
    nibh, sit amet egestas diam. Nunc lobortis posuere gravida. Proin ipseum. This gives us some
    powerful practical examples AND inspiration, making me appreciate this course all the more.

    **## OGL550_Module5_FluxTransformationLens.pdf**

    Copyright © 2020 Arizona Board of Regents.

    OGL 550

    Organizations as
    Flux & Change
    Morgan Ch. 8

    Copyright © 2020 Arizona Board of Regents.

    Organizations as Flux & Transformation
    • Sees organizations not as a “thing” (object), but rather as an ongoing process

    (e.g., organizing, communicating, relating)

    • They cannot be understood in isolation, must be understood as part of the ebb and
    flow of the whole environment

    • They have a capacity to self- organize, change, and self-renew, guided by their
    institutional identity (e.g., purpose, culture, relationships)

    • Similar to ideas of Heraclitus, who saw the universe as a constant stage of flux, and
    embodying elements of both permanence and change.

    Copyright © 2020 Arizona Board of Regents.

    Key Aspects of Flux & Transformation Lens
    • Order can naturally emerge out of chaos

    • Organizations have a natural capacity to self-renew

    • Organizational life is not governed by linear, reductionist rules of cause and effect

    • Tensions are a source for emergence, e.g., innovation & new ways of doing things

    • Formal organizational structures (teams, hierarchies) represent just one of many
    dimensions of organizational life

    • Four logics of organizational change:
    • Autopoiesis
    • Chaos & complexity
    • Mutual causality
    • Dialectical change

    Copyright © 2020 Arizona Board of Regents.

    Autopoiesis
    • Logic: Organization is a self producing system

    • Sees change originating in the environment

    • Autopiesis systems are closed loops—energy recirculates

    • Morgan refers an organization as a self referential system that strives to shape itself in its own image

    • Maturana and Varela believe living systems to be characterized by:
    • Autonomy
    • circularity
    • Self-reference.

    • These three features allow the system to self-create or self-renew.

    • The aim of autopoietic systems is to produce themselves.
    Thus, their own organization and identity is paramount.

    Copyright © 2020 Arizona Board of Regents.

    Autopoiesis
    • As organizations assert their identities, leaders can initiate transformation in the social

    ecology to which they belong, e.g., creating conditions that will allow them to evolve along with their
    operating environment

    • Organizations are always attempting to achieve ‘self-referential closure… enacting their
    environments as extensions of their own identity.’

    • Many problems that organizations encounter are a result of their attempt to maintain a particular
    identity that’s not adaptive with their operating environment

    • Explanations of organizational evolution, change, and development must include internal and
    external factors that create patterns over time

    Copyright © 2020 Arizona Board of Regents.

    Chaos & Complexity
    • View that complex, non-linear systems (e.g., organizations, the human body) are

    characterized by multiple systems of interaction that are both ordered and chaotic.

    • Chaos and complexity are parts of the same interconnected (evolving) pattern
    • Random disturbances can produce unpredictable events and relationships.

    • Eventually, however, coherent order always emerges out of the randomness and
    surface chaos.

    Copyright © 2020 Arizona Board of Regents.

    Chaos & Complexity

    Complexity theory suggests that organizational change should be guided by:

    1. Rethinking what we mean by ‘organization’ – especially in terms of hierarchy and
    control. Order does not have to be imposed, it can emerge organically if
    organizational structures and identity are adaptive.

    2. Organizational learning, and how to lead and manage changing contexts

    3. Learning how to use small changes to create large effects

    4. Living with continuous transformation and emergent order as a natural state of affairs

    5. Being open to new metaphors and mental models that can facilitate processes of self-
    organization.

    Copyright © 2020 Arizona Board of Regents.

    Mutual Causality
    Individuals are able to influence system dynamics through examining the interaction of

    positive and negative feedback loops, and shaping these as necessary.

    Change and causation is not one way. A can influence B at the same time B influences A.

    Change does not unfold in a linear fashion but via circular patterns (loops, not lines).

    Outcomes cannot be predicted in complex, nonlinear systems. For example, when you
    pour creamer into your coffee, it will never travel exactly the same path in the cup.
    However, we can understand underlying patterns and principles, e.g., fluid dynamics to
    describe likely trajectories. This enable us to develop plans based on understanding of
    these underlying principles.

    Copyright © 2020 Arizona Board of Regents.

    Dialectical Change
    • We cannot fully understand something without knowing its opposite, e.g., you cannot

    truly know the meaning of ‘hot’ unless you understand what ‘cold’ means

    Dialectical Principle #1 –
    • Whenever one person attempts to control another, a process of resistance undermines

    that attempt

    • The act of control itself sets up consequences that work against its effectiveness.

    • It accounts for processes of self generated change, whereby phenomena change
    themselves as a result of tension with the opposite to create balance

    Copyright © 2020 Arizona Board of Regents.

    Dialectical Change
    Principle #2
    • Negations of negations retain something from that form, leading to an evolution in

    patterns of control
    • Explains how change may become developmental, in the sense that each negation

    rejects a previous form, yet also retains something from that form

    Principle #3
    • Changes in quantity lead to changes in quality.
    • Accounts for processes of revolutionary change, whereby one form of social

    organization gives way to another

    Copyright © 2020 Arizona Board of Regents.

    Strengths & Limitations of Flux /Change Metaphor
    Strengths

    • Offers new insights into the nature and source of change

    • This expanded understanding gives us more options for management and leadership
    (e.g., how to structure organizations for self-organizing teams)

    • Offers to leaders and managers a powerful new perspective on their role in facilitating
    emergent change.

    Limitations
    • Individuals that find comfort in controlling, organizing, and predicting system change

    may struggle with the concept of "powerless power”

    • The orderliness of change only becomes apparent with hindsight

    – OGL 550��Organizations as Flux & Change��Morgan Ch. 8
    – Organizations as Flux & Transformation
    – Key Aspects of Flux & Transformation Lens
    – Autopoiesis
    – Autopoiesis
    – Chaos & Complexity
    – Chaos & Complexity
    – Mutual Causality
    – Dialectical Change
    – Dialectical Change
    – Strengths & Limitations of Flux /Change Metaphor

    **## BarrettPeterson2000_AppreciativeInquiryCompetencies.pdf**

    Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

    Appreciative learning cultures: Developing competencies for global organizing
    Barrett, Frank J;Peterson, Rick
    Organization Development Journal; Summer 2000; 18, 2; ABI/INFORM Collection
    pg. 10

    Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

    Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

    Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

    Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

    Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

    Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

    Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

    Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

    Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

    Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

    Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

    **1Balogun2001_LeadingOrganizationalChange.pdf**

    This file is too large to display. [View in new window](https://www.sweetstudy.com/files/1balogun2001-leadingorganizationalchange-pdf)

    **StrategicLeadership_HBR.pdf**

    This file is too large to display. [View in new window](https://www.sweetstudy.com/files/strategicleadership-hbr-pdf)

    **Openo2016_AppreciativeInquiryOrgChange.pdf**

    This file is too large to display. [View in new window](https://www.sweetstudy.com/files/openo2016-appreciativeinquiryorgchange-pdf)

    **Galli2018_FiveModelsOfChange_ComparativeAnalysisConcerns.pdf**

    This file is too large to display. [View in new window](https://www.sweetstudy.com/files/galli2018-fivemodelsofchange-comparativeanalysisconcerns-pdf)

    **Phoenix_OrgDevelopmentJobDescriptions_March2020.pdf**

    This file is too large to display. [View in new window](https://www.sweetstudy.com/files/phoenix-orgdevelopmentjobdescriptions-march2020-pdf)

    **PeaceCorpsGuide_Asset-basedOrganizationalChange.pdf**

    This file is too large to display. [View in new window](https://www.sweetstudy.com/files/peacecorpsguide-asset-basedorganizationalchange-pdf)

    **Austin2015_LeadingEffectiveChange.pdf**

    This file is too large to display. [View in new window](https://www.sweetstudy.com/files/austin2015-leadingeffectivechange-pdf)

    **## TheFourLogicsofChangeChapter8.docx**

    **The Four Logics of Change Chapter 8. Chapter 8 in the TEXTBOOK: Morgan, G. (2006): Unfolding logics of change: Organizations as flux and transformation (pp. 241-287).**

    **1. Autopoiesis and Self-Production**

    ·
    **Definition**: From biology, autopoiesis refers to systems capable of reproducing and maintaining themselves.

    ·
    **Organizational Application**: Organizations are self-producing. They adapt and evolve by continuously reproducing their structure through internal communication and decision-making.

    ·
    **Key Idea**: Change comes from within — not just from external pressures.

    **2. Dialectical Change**

    ·
    **Definition**: Rooted in Hegelian and Marxist thought, dialectics involves contradiction and conflict as drivers of change.

    ·
    **Organizational Application**: Change arises when
    **opposing forces (e.g., management vs. labor)** clash, leading to new synthesis.

    ·
    **Key Idea**: Conflict isn’t always bad — it can be a
    **creative force**.

    **3. Evolutionary Change**

    ·
    **Definition**: Borrowed from Darwinian theory — change happens through variation, selection, and retention.

    ·
    **Organizational Application**: Organizations evolve as new ideas emerge, are tested, and either adopted or discarded.

    ·
    **Key Idea**: The environment “selects” which organizational forms survive, favoring adaptability.

    **4. Chaos and Complexity Theory**

    ·
    **Definition**: Organizations behave like complex adaptive systems — unpredictable, non-linear, and sensitive to small changes (the "butterfly effect").

    ·
    **Organizational Application**: Leaders can’t fully control change; instead, they create conditions for
    **emergent order**.

    ·
    **Key Idea**: Organizations don’t always follow clear paths — they
    **self-organize** and adapt.

    **Implications for Practice**

    · Leaders must
    **let go of control** and understand that
    **uncertainty and instability** are normal.

    · Organizational change is not always
    **planned or linear**; often, it
    **emerges from interactions** among people, ideas, and structures.

    · Encouraging
    **learning, adaptability, and openness** is more effective than enforcing rigid rules.

    **Visual Metaphors**

    Morgan uses metaphors like:

    ·
    **“Organization as a river”** — always flowing and changing.

    ·
    **“Organization as living system”** — growing, learning, adapting.

    **Conclusion**

    Understanding organizations as systems in flux encourages more responsive, dynamic, and participatory approaches to leadership and change. It challenges traditional command-and-control views, replacing them with more
    **organic, evolutionary, and interactive** models of organizing.

    **## Sample2_ReactionPaperSAMPOOLE.pdf**

    PROF’S NEW EXAMPLE OF A REACTION PAPER, Summer 2025
    \*\* Note: ALL the details here are MADE UP and/or filled with Latin “Ipsum…” nonsense words.**

    Module 2 Reaction Paper: Chapter 4 of Sam Poole’s WAKE UP, F$$L: Stop Sleepwalking!

    Chapter Intro
    ● We lead organizations lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit.
    n Pellentesque luctus, felis quis sagittis accumsan, lorem enim vestibulum lorem, in ultricies

    odio vel pellentesque facilisis.
    n Vestibulum ante ipsum primis in faucibus orci luctus et ultrices posuere cubilia curae

    neque dictum purus scelerisque efficitur sed vel nunc.
    “Aenean id fringilla lectus. Duis iaculis tortor sit amet purus vehicula, at ullamcorper velit
    venenatis. Morbi eget massa eget diam lacinia dignissim quis nec tortor. Duis ut vehicula nibh,
    sit amet egestas diam.” (Poole 2025, page 107).

    n Nunc porttitor elementum nisi, sit amet euismod ligula.
    n Sed vel urna quis arcu molestie tristique. Pellentesque at suscipit elit, ac fringilla lectus.

    Donec in viverra nisl. Duis eget sem id erat laoreet accumsan et in justo.
    o Sed dignissim volutpat sapien. Example: Humor and art can be IRREVERENT.
    o Eget fermentum. Example: “Instead of saying I F-D UP MY LIFE, or I WAS SO STUPID,

    you need to tell yourself I HAVE LEARNED A LOT SINCE THEN.” (Poole 2025, page 109).

    The First Case Study
    o Sed sed commodo risus, eu pellentesque nunc. Cras imperdiet finibus varius.
    o Aenean id fringilla lectus. Duis iaculis tortor sit amet purus vehicula, at ullamcorper velit

    venenatis. Morbi eget massa eget diam
    o Lacinia dignissim quis nec tortor. Duis ut vehicula nibh, sit amet egestas diam. Nunc

    lobortis posuere gravida. Proin ipseum.

    n Pellentesque aenean id fringilla lectus. Duis iaculis tortor sit amet purus vehicula, at
    ullamcorper velit venenatis. Morbi eget massa eget diam

    n Lacinia primis in faucibus orci luctus et ultrices posuere cubilia curae neque dictum purus
    scelerisque efficitur sed vel nunc. dignissim quis nec tortor. Duis ut vehicula nibh, sit amet
    egestas diam. Nunc lobortis posuere gravida. Proin ipseum.

    n luctus, felis quis sagittis accumsan, lorem enim vestibulum lorem, in ultricies
    o odio vel pellentesque facilisis.
    o Vestibulum ante ipsum (REMINDS ME of bullies in 7th grade! Punched them.)

    Great Leaders are DEVELOPED not simply BORN

    o While it’s okay – and AWESOME — if you were “BORN THIS WAY, baby!”
    o When it comes to LEADERS we all start learning early, though some learn and practice

    leadership earlier and more adeptly (yet even THEY are not “BORN LEADERS”)
    n Experience lacinia dignissim quis nec tortor. Duis ut vehicula nibh, sit amet egestas diam.

    Nunc lobortis posuere gravida. Proin ipseum.
    n Pellentesque aenean id fringilla lectus. Duis iaculis tortor sit amet purus
    n Vehicula, at ullamcorper velit venenatis. Morbi eget massa eget diam
    n Lacinia primis in faucibus orci luctus et ultrices posuere cubilia curae neque dictum purus

    scelerisque efficitur sed vel nunc.
    o dignissim quis nec tortor.
    o Duis ut vehicula nibh, sit amet egestas diam. Nunc lobortis posuere gravida.

    n Et luctus, felis quis sagittis accumsan, lorem enim vestibulum lorem, in ultricies
    n While being stabbed he exclaimed “ET TU, BRUTE!” Et odio vel pellentesque facilisis.
    n Vestibulum ante ipsum

    Of Rascals and Rabble-Rousers

    n Duis ut vehicula nibh, sit amet egestas diam. Nunc lobortis posuere gravida. Proin ipseum.
    n Pellentesque aenean id fringilla lectus. Duis iaculis tortor sit amet purus

    o Example: Vehicula, at ullamcorper velit venenatis. Morbi eget massa eget
    diam. Lacinia orci luctus et ultrices posuere cubilia curae neque dictum.

    n purus scelerisque efficitur sed vel nunc.
    o dignissim quis nec tortor.
    o Duis ut vehicula nibh, sit amet egestas diam. Nunc lobortis posuere gravida.
    o Proin ipseum.

    n Successful leaders Duis ut vehicula nibh, sit amet egestas diam. Nunc lobortis posuere
    gravida. Proin ipseum.

    n Pellentesque aenean id fringilla lectus. Duis iaculis tortor sit amet purus
    n Vehicula, at ullamcorper velit venenatis. Morbi eget massa eget diam
    n Lacinia primis in faucibus orci luctus et ultrices posuere cubilia curae neque dictum purus

    scelerisque efficitur sed vel nunc.

    How Mermaids Can Riot and “Dispatch” the Unwary Seaman
    Vehicula, at ullamcorper velit venenatis. Morbi eget massa eget diam
    n Lacinia primis in faucibus orci luctus et ultrices posuere cubilia curae

    How Is a Professor Never Late, but Arrives PRECISELY when they need to arrive?
    ● The neque dictum purus scelerisque efficitur sed vel nunc dignissim quis nec tortor et tutor.

    “Radicals must vel fermentum enim. Vivamus quis velit a velit volutpat volutpat. Morbi mollis a
    est nec molestie. Nunc in facilisis nibh. Duis eleifend purus et molestie egestas. Duis ac nibh sed
    purus sodales dapibus.” (Poole 2025, page 98).

    My Reaction / Reflections
    At first ante ipsum prima fascia. Morbi eget massa eget diam. Lacinia primis in faucibus orci
    luctus et ultrices posuere cubilia. Much like Bugs Bunny “took a wrong turn at Albuquerque” we
    find ourselves thinking we are “all right” until we are quite wrong, though it may give us a
    chance to become friends with the Tasmanian Devil.
    Then vestibulum ante ipsum prima fascia. Morbi eget massa eget diam. Lacinia primis in
    faucibus orci luctus et ultrices posuere cubilia curae neque dictum purus scelerisque efficitur
    sed vel — et tu Brute. When I volunteer et pellente sque iaculis tortor sit amet purus vehicula, at
    ullamcorper velit venenatis. Morbi eget massa eget diam. Lacinia primis in faucibus orci luctus
    et ultrices posuere cubilia curae neque dictum purus scelerisque efficitur sed vel nunc tortor.
    Duis ut — just like my mother used to say when confronting racists.
    When I helped organize and lead aenean id fringilla lectus. Duis iaculis tortor sit amet purus
    vehicula, at ullamcorper velit venenatis. Luctus, felis quis sagittis accumsan, lorem enim
    vestibulum lorem, in ultricies eget massa eget diam lacinia dignissim quis nec tortor. Duis ut
    lobortis posuere gravida. Proin ipseum accumsan, dignissim quis nec tortor. Duis ut vehicula
    nibh, sit amet egestas diam. Nunc lobortis posuere gravida. Proin ipseum. This gives us some
    powerful practical examples AND inspiration, making me appreciate this course all the more.

    **## OGL550_Module5_FluxTransformationLens.pdf**

    Copyright © 2020 Arizona Board of Regents.

    OGL 550

    Organizations as
    Flux & Change
    Morgan Ch. 8

    Copyright © 2020 Arizona Board of Regents.

    Organizations as Flux & Transformation
    • Sees organizations not as a “thing” (object), but rather as an ongoing process

    (e.g., organizing, communicating, relating)

    • They cannot be understood in isolation, must be understood as part of the ebb and
    flow of the whole environment

    • They have a capacity to self- organize, change, and self-renew, guided by their
    institutional identity (e.g., purpose, culture, relationships)

    • Similar to ideas of Heraclitus, who saw the universe as a constant stage of flux, and
    embodying elements of both permanence and change.

    Copyright © 2020 Arizona Board of Regents.

    Key Aspects of Flux & Transformation Lens
    • Order can naturally emerge out of chaos

    • Organizations have a natural capacity to self-renew

    • Organizational life is not governed by linear, reductionist rules of cause and effect

    • Tensions are a source for emergence, e.g., innovation & new ways of doing things

    • Formal organizational structures (teams, hierarchies) represent just one of many
    dimensions of organizational life

    • Four logics of organizational change:
    • Autopoiesis
    • Chaos & complexity
    • Mutual causality
    • Dialectical change

    Copyright © 2020 Arizona Board of Regents.

    Autopoiesis
    • Logic: Organization is a self producing system

    • Sees change originating in the environment

    • Autopiesis systems are closed loops—energy recirculates

    • Morgan refers an organization as a self referential system that strives to shape itself in its own image

    • Maturana and Varela believe living systems to be characterized by:
    • Autonomy
    • circularity
    • Self-reference.

    • These three features allow the system to self-create or self-renew.

    • The aim of autopoietic systems is to produce themselves.
    Thus, their own organization and identity is paramount.

    Copyright © 2020 Arizona Board of Regents.

    Autopoiesis
    • As organizations assert their identities, leaders can initiate transformation in the social

    ecology to which they belong, e.g., creating conditions that will allow them to evolve along with their
    operating environment

    • Organizations are always attempting to achieve ‘self-referential closure… enacting their
    environments as extensions of their own identity.’

    • Many problems that organizations encounter are a result of their attempt to maintain a particular
    identity that’s not adaptive with their operating environment

    • Explanations of organizational evolution, change, and development must include internal and
    external factors that create patterns over time

    Copyright © 2020 Arizona Board of Regents.

    Chaos & Complexity
    • View that complex, non-linear systems (e.g., organizations, the human body) are

    characterized by multiple systems of interaction that are both ordered and chaotic.

    • Chaos and complexity are parts of the same interconnected (evolving) pattern
    • Random disturbances can produce unpredictable events and relationships.

    • Eventually, however, coherent order always emerges out of the randomness and
    surface chaos.

    Copyright © 2020 Arizona Board of Regents.

    Chaos & Complexity

    Complexity theory suggests that organizational change should be guided by:

    1. Rethinking what we mean by ‘organization’ – especially in terms of hierarchy and
    control. Order does not have to be imposed, it can emerge organically if
    organizational structures and identity are adaptive.

    2. Organizational learning, and how to lead and manage changing contexts

    3. Learning how to use small changes to create large effects

    4. Living with continuous transformation and emergent order as a natural state of affairs

    5. Being open to new metaphors and mental models that can facilitate processes of self-
    organization.

    Copyright © 2020 Arizona Board of Regents.

    Mutual Causality
    Individuals are able to influence system dynamics through examining the interaction of

    positive and negative feedback loops, and shaping these as necessary.

    Change and causation is not one way. A can influence B at the same time B influences A.

    Change does not unfold in a linear fashion but via circular patterns (loops, not lines).

    Outcomes cannot be predicted in complex, nonlinear systems. For example, when you
    pour creamer into your coffee, it will never travel exactly the same path in the cup.
    However, we can understand underlying patterns and principles, e.g., fluid dynamics to
    describe likely trajectories. This enable us to develop plans based on understanding of
    these underlying principles.

    Copyright © 2020 Arizona Board of Regents.

    Dialectical Change
    • We cannot fully understand something without knowing its opposite, e.g., you cannot

    truly know the meaning of ‘hot’ unless you understand what ‘cold’ means

    Dialectical Principle #1 –
    • Whenever one person attempts to control another, a process of resistance undermines

    that attempt

    • The act of control itself sets up consequences that work against its effectiveness.

    • It accounts for processes of self generated change, whereby phenomena change
    themselves as a result of tension with the opposite to create balance

    Copyright © 2020 Arizona Board of Regents.

    Dialectical Change
    Principle #2
    • Negations of negations retain something from that form, leading to an evolution in

    patterns of control
    • Explains how change may become developmental, in the sense that each negation

    rejects a previous form, yet also retains something from that form

    Principle #3
    • Changes in quantity lead to changes in quality.
    • Accounts for processes of revolutionary change, whereby one form of social

    organization gives way to another

    Copyright © 2020 Arizona Board of Regents.

    Strengths & Limitations of Flux /Change Metaphor
    Strengths

    • Offers new insights into the nature and source of change

    • This expanded understanding gives us more options for management and leadership
    (e.g., how to structure organizations for self-organizing teams)

    • Offers to leaders and managers a powerful new perspective on their role in facilitating
    emergent change.

    Limitations
    • Individuals that find comfort in controlling, organizing, and predicting system change

    may struggle with the concept of "powerless power”

    • The orderliness of change only becomes apparent with hindsight

    – OGL 550��Organizations as Flux & Change��Morgan Ch. 8
    – Organizations as Flux & Transformation
    – Key Aspects of Flux & Transformation Lens
    – Autopoiesis
    – Autopoiesis
    – Chaos & Complexity
    – Chaos & Complexity
    – Mutual Causality
    – Dialectical Change
    – Dialectical Change
    – Strengths & Limitations of Flux /Change Metaphor

    **## BarrettPeterson2000_AppreciativeInquiryCompetencies.pdf**

    Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

    Appreciative learning cultures: Developing competencies for global organizing
    Barrett, Frank J;Peterson, Rick
    Organization Development Journal; Summer 2000; 18, 2; ABI/INFORM Collection
    pg. 10

    Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

    Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

    Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

    Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

    Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

    Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

    Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

    Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

    Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

    Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

    Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

    **1Balogun2001_LeadingOrganizationalChange.pdf**

    This file is too large to display. [View in new window](https://www.sweetstudy.com/files/1balogun2001-leadingorganizationalchange-pdf)

    **StrategicLeadership_HBR.pdf**

    This file is too large to display. [View in new window](https://www.sweetstudy.com/files/strategicleadership-hbr-pdf)

    **Openo2016_AppreciativeInquiryOrgChange.pdf**

    This file is too large to display. [View in new window](https://www.sweetstudy.com/files/openo2016-appreciativeinquiryorgchange-pdf)

    **Galli2018_FiveModelsOfChange_ComparativeAnalysisConcerns.pdf**

    This file is too large to display. [View in new window](https://www.sweetstudy.com/files/galli2018-fivemodelsofchange-comparativeanalysisconcerns-pdf)

    **Phoenix_OrgDevelopmentJobDescriptions_March2020.pdf**

    This file is too large to display. [View in new window](https://www.sweetstudy.com/files/phoenix-orgdevelopmentjobdescriptions-march2020-pdf)

    **PeaceCorpsGuide_Asset-basedOrganizationalChange.pdf**

    This file is too large to display. [View in new window](https://www.sweetstudy.com/files/peacecorpsguide-asset-basedorganizationalchange-pdf)

    **Austin2015_LeadingEffectiveChange.pdf**

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    **Consulting Report or Case Study** Now your analysis is complete, and you have the information you need. You must now put together a report and presentation of your findings for the bicycle program specialists , like Goldbeck, to entice him and his agency to help you market Cycle Right in exchange …

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    Now your analysis is complete, and you have the information you need. You must now put together a report and presentation of your findings for the bicycle program specialists , like Goldbeck, to entice him and his agency to help you market Cycle Right in exchange for exclusive rights.
    **Purpose:** To produce the final case report (There is no initial draft phase of the written report).
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