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  • [Solved] discussion response 581 week 5

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    Executive Solution Overview

    – Respond to this post in 2 paragraphs. Offering new insights, applications, perspectives, information, or implications for practice. – Provide 1 scholarly source. In a recent report featured by the Make America Healthy Again (MAHA) Commission, Robert F. Kennedy Jr. highlighted four major reasons …

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    Assignment Prompt & Instructions

    – Respond to this post in 2 paragraphs. Offering new insights, applications, perspectives, information, or implications for practice.
    – Provide 1 scholarly source.
    In a recent report featured by the Make America Healthy Again (MAHA) Commission, Robert F. Kennedy Jr. highlighted four major reasons behind the rise in chronic disease among American children: poor diet, exposure to environmental chemicals, lack of physical activity, and overmedicalization. The report points out that nearly half of U.S. children are now living with long-term health conditions like obesity, asthma, autism, and mental health disorders. The commission is pushing for change through better nutrition, environmental monitoring with AI, more transparency in medical treatment, and a stronger emphasis on prevention (New York Post, 2025).
    At the microsystem level — where nurses are face-to-face with patients — this issue calls for a more individualized and holistic approach. Nurses in pediatric units, school-based clinics, and primary care settings may be the first to notice patterns like increased asthma, obesity, or behavioral challenges. It’s not just about treating the symptoms anymore. Nurses must start asking questions about diet, chemical exposure, stress, sleep, and physical activity during routine care (New York Post, 2025).
    In the mesosystem — which includes groups of care teams or entire departments — nurses will need to push for interdisciplinary teamwork. Nurse leaders and educators can work together to build care models that target root causes of chronic disease. That could look like launching early screening programs, developing education campaigns, or creating new protocols that connect physical, mental, and environmental health (Chamberlain University, 2025).
    At the macrosystem level — the big picture including hospitals, public health organizations, and lawmakers — nurses have a key role in pushing for policy change and public awareness. The MAHA Commission’s call for change around nutrition, chemical exposure, and overprescribing means nurses should be advocating for stronger preventive care policies and more responsible prescribing practices. Advanced practice nurses can take this even further by working in public health, supporting legislation, or leading awareness campaigns aimed at improving long-term outcomes for kids (Chamberlain University, 2025).
    This issue really shows how important it is for nurses to think beyond the bedside. Our job is to speak up, show up, stand up, and care — whether that’s for one patient or a whole generation.
    The rise in chronic disease among American kids isn’t just a health crisis — it’s a policy problem. The article breaks it down: poor diet, environmental chemical exposure, lack of physical activity, and overmedication (New York Post, 2025). These are things that don’t just happen randomly — they’re shaped by the systems and policies we have in place.
    Healthcare policy controls everything from what kids eat in schools to what chemicals are allowed in household products. It shapes how much physical activity is required in public schools and how easy it is for a provider to write a prescription. Policies under the Affordable Care Act, for example, focus on preventive care and screenings — which can help catch issues earlier and shift us away from reaction-based treatment (Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services [CMS], 2021).
    And this is where nurses step in. We’re not just here to chart and medicate — we’re advocates. Speaking up, showing up, standing up, and caring is what defines us. Using our voice to fight for better policy is part of that.
    If we want real change, one solid policy move would be cleaning up what’s being served in schools. A nationwide policy that bans ultra-processed foods and sugary drinks in school lunch programs — while funding access to fresh, nutritious meals — would directly tackle the diet problem. Add in required physical activity every day and we’d be addressing two of the biggest contributors to chronic disease at the same time.
    We also need a policy that looks harder at overmedication. Stricter guidelines around prescribing for kids, especially for behavioral concerns, would push for more holistic care instead of quick fixes. These policy shifts might sound simple, but they’re powerful. They shape how kids eat, move, and grow — and that adds up over time. As nurses, advocating for this kind of change is part of how we show up for the next generation.
    Please provide AI and Similarity report.

  • [Solved] Business Finance – Management Business Analytics Assignment #3 Help

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    Executive Solution Overview

    Is there anyone willing to assist me with this Dataset assignment? Please see the attached assignment details. \ Unit3Assignment.docx](https://www.sweetstudy.com/files/unit3assignment-docx-10309915 "Unit3Assignment.docx")

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    Assignment Prompt & Instructions

    Is there anyone willing to assist me with this Dataset assignment? Please see the attached assignment details.
    \
    Unit3Assignment.docx](https://www.sweetstudy.com/files/unit3assignment-docx-10309915 "Unit3Assignment.docx")

  • [Solved] II

    ✓ Verified Academic Solution Available

    Executive Solution Overview

    see attached. – ## II.docx – ## UnitII.pdf **## II.docx** • Your initial post should be at least 200 words in length. Imagine that you have been promoted to the position of an IT manager in a mid-sized firm, SecureFunds Inc, which specializes in financial services and has recently undergone signific…

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    Assignment Prompt & Instructions

    see attached.

    – ## II.docx

    – ## UnitII.pdf

    **## II.docx**

    • Your initial post should be at least 200 words in length.

    Imagine that you have been promoted to the position of an IT manager in a mid-sized firm, SecureFunds Inc, which specializes in financial services and has recently undergone significant growth and adapted to the new conditions of doing business by developing digital services for customers. Nevertheless, as it expanded its operations, the company has experienced some difficulties in managing its IT security risks with specific regard to compliance matters and the safeguarding of the client’s data.

    As part of your work, you are supposed to conduct the IT audit for compliance and ensure that the company complies with the set standards and industry best practices. It is crucial for your focus to continue to build and strengthen an efficient IT foundation that can cater to growth and protect against security risks.

    · Discuss the scope of an IT audit for compliance and the use of standards and frameworks.

    · Explain the role of proper security controls, such as configuration and change management, in maintaining IT infrastructure security.

    · Discuss the importance of using standards in compliance auditing.

    Textbook: Johnson, R., Weiss, M. M., & Solomon, M. G. (2024). Auditing IT infrastructures for compliance (3rd ed.). Jones & Bartlett Learning. https://online.vitalsource.com/#/books/9781284260908

    **## UnitII.pdf**

    SEC 4302, Planning and Audits 1

    Course Learning Outcomes for Unit II

    At the end of this unit, you should be able to:

    3. Develop an information systems security auditing plan.
    3.1 Explain the role of proper security controls in maintaining IT infrastructure security.
    3.2 Analyze the effectiveness of security controls in protecting privacy data.

    4. Summarize corrective measures and recommendations for audit findings.

    4.1 Explain the importance of using standards in compliance auditing.
    4.2 Assess the suitability of a particular framework and standard for an IT security compliance

    audit.

    Required Unit Resources

    Chapter 3: What Is the Scope of an IT Compliance Audit? (ULOs 3.1 and 3.2)

    Chapter 4: Auditing Standards and Frameworks (ULOs 4.1 and 4.2)

    Webpage: Security and Privacy Controls for Information Systems and Organizations (ULOs 4.1 and
    4.2)
    This website discusses security and privacy control enhancements related to information systems providers
    (10 pages).

    Unit Lesson

    Lesson: IT Compliance and Auditing Standards (ULOs 3.1, 3.2, 4.1, and 4.2)

    In Unit I, we covered the importance of compliance within information systems, adherence to relevant laws,
    regulations, directives, and recommendations concerning information protection, including confidentiality, data
    integrity, and data availability. This unit will explore what is required to achieve and sustain compliance across
    different domains within the IT environment.

    An IT audit for compliance is mainly focused on the observance of legal requirements and organizational
    standards by the IT systems in an organization, the operations that support these systems and the processes
    that are related to them. Configuration and change control management represent key security controls that
    are instrumental in the support of IT security and IT infrastructure. These controls assist in confirming the
    integrity of systems by checking not only against malware but also against the latest updates and proper
    functionality.

    Configuration Management

    Configuration management is the process of controlling, planning, implementing, and verifying the changes in
    configurations of IT assets such as computers, software, network devices, and even documentation.

    Standardization

    Standardization is responsible for the compliance of all systems with specific security policies and standards
    set. This minimizes risks that may occur due to poor or incompatible settings or configurations.

    UNIT II STUDY GUIDE

    IT Compliance and Auditing Standards

    [https://csrc.nist.gov/pubs/sp/800/53/r5/upd1/final](https://csrc.nist.gov/pubs/sp/800/53/r5/upd1/final)

    SEC 4302, Planning and Audits 2

    UNIT x STUDY GUIDE

    Title

    Baseline Management

    Baseline management adopts and sustains configuration compliance, which is the highest level of security
    standard that must be met by all the systems. Comparison of the current configurations with the baseline is
    frequently done to identify any alterations or modifications made without proper approval.

    Audit and Compliance

    This promotes periodic audits and compliance checks. Thus, detailed records of the specific system
    configurations illustrate compliance with the regulatory requirements and internal security policies.

    Incident Response

    This enhances the handling of incidents by supplying further data on system arrangements. The fact that the
    state of the system is clearly defined at any given time assists in prompt detection and handling of security
    threats.

    Change Management

    Change management deals with the management of change in IT systems in a structured way. The primary
    goal is to reduce the effect of changes on the performance and security of the system.

    Risk Assessment

    Makes certain that any changes it seeks to implement have been well evaluated for any security implications.
    This assists in early identification of threats that may be brought about by change in the process.

    Approval Process

    Implements a formal system of gaining approval for change. By granting only the authorized staff to effect
    changes, the system is protected from deliberate tampering or modification by unauthorized personnel.

    Documentation

    Keeps a record of all changes along with the reason for the change, method of change, and the effects
    analyzed. It is useful for auditing or in case of troubleshooting or for future use and review.

    Rollback Plans

    To make sure that rollback facilities are well defined for each change. In the case of a given change having a
    negative effect on the system, it can be rolled back to its previous state in a secure way.

    Analyzing the Effectiveness of Security Controls in Protecting Privacy Data

    Security controls in managing privacy data can be evaluated in terms of preventive, detective, and responsive
    capacities.

    Preventive Controls

    Preventive controls are implemented measures that reduce the likelihood of a security incident. It is also
    worth encrypting the data which is stored as well as in the process of its transmission, so even if someone
    intercepts the data or gains unauthorized access to it, they will not be able to read the contents of it. This
    prevents any unauthorized person from gaining access to the information in question or any other data
    accessible therein. This includes role-based access controls (RBAC) and multi-factor authentication (MFA).

    Detective Controls

    Detective controls assist in the detection of security breaches that occur and how they are handled. This
    involves constant checkups to ascertain that the system has not been compromised by the attacker since

    SEC 4302, Planning and Audits 3

    UNIT x STUDY GUIDE

    Title

    vulnerabilities often remain unseen yet are potential threats to the entire system. This prevents the
    opportunity for the weaknesses to be capitalized upon in the first place.

    Corrective Controls

    Corrective controls are corrective measures that are initiated to deal with a security breach. An incident
    response plan helps the organization be ready to respond to security threats when they occur, in the least
    time possible and eliminate further threat to the system. A backup of important data should be done frequently
    to ensure that in the event of a breach or loss, the data can be recovered. This is important as far as data
    consistency and accessibility are concerned. Continuity management plans guarantee that operations will not
    be interrupted for long in the event of large unscheduled interruptions such as cybercrimes or disasters.

    Summary

    An IT audit for compliance ensures an organization's IT systems adhere to laws, regulations, and internal
    policies by assessing IT infrastructure, reviewing policies, ensuring data protection, verifying access controls,
    evaluating incident response, and managing configurations and changes. Proper security controls, like
    configuration and change management, maintain IT infrastructure security by ensuring system consistency
    and controlled changes to minimize risks. The effectiveness of security controls in protecting privacy data is
    analyzed through risk assessments, implementation of controls, testing, continuous monitoring, and regular
    audits. Using standards in compliance auditing provides consistency, benchmarking, best practices,
    regulatory compliance, and credibility. Assessing the suitability of a framework and standard involves aligning
    with regulatory requirements, industry relevance, comprehensive coverage, scalability, ease of
    implementation, support, resources, and auditability.

    References

    Johnson, R., Weiss, M. M., & Solomon, M. G. (2024). Auditing IT infrastructures for compliance (3rd ed.).

    Jones & Bartlett Learning.

    Joint Task Force. (2020, September). Security and privacy controls for information systems and organizations

    (NIST Special Publication 800-53, Rev. 5). National Institute of Standards and Technology, U.S.
    Department of Commerce. https://csrc.nist.gov/pubs/sp/800/53/r5/upd1/final

    – Course Learning Outcomes for Unit II
    – Required Unit Resources

    – Chapter 3: What Is the Scope of an IT Compliance Audit? (ULOs 3.1 and 3.2)
    – Chapter 4: Auditing Standards and Frameworks (ULOs 4.1 and 4.2)
    – Webpage: Security and Privacy Controls for Information Systems and Organizations (ULOs 4.1 and 4.2)

    – Unit Lesson
    – Lesson: IT Compliance and Auditing Standards (ULOs 3.1, 3.2, 4.1, and 4.2)

    – Configuration Management
    – Standardization

    – Baseline Management
    – Audit and Compliance
    – Incident Response

    – Change Management

    – Risk Assessment
    – Approval Process
    – Documentation
    – Rollback Plans
    – Analyzing the Effectiveness of Security Controls in Protecting Privacy Data
    – Preventive Controls
    – Detective Controls
    – Corrective Controls

    – Summary

    – References

    **## UnitII.pdf**

    SEC 4302, Planning and Audits 1

    Course Learning Outcomes for Unit II

    At the end of this unit, you should be able to:

    3. Develop an information systems security auditing plan.
    3.1 Explain the role of proper security controls in maintaining IT infrastructure security.
    3.2 Analyze the effectiveness of security controls in protecting privacy data.

    4. Summarize corrective measures and recommendations for audit findings.

    4.1 Explain the importance of using standards in compliance auditing.
    4.2 Assess the suitability of a particular framework and standard for an IT security compliance

    audit.

    Required Unit Resources

    Chapter 3: What Is the Scope of an IT Compliance Audit? (ULOs 3.1 and 3.2)

    Chapter 4: Auditing Standards and Frameworks (ULOs 4.1 and 4.2)

    Webpage: Security and Privacy Controls for Information Systems and Organizations (ULOs 4.1 and
    4.2)
    This website discusses security and privacy control enhancements related to information systems providers
    (10 pages).

    Unit Lesson

    Lesson: IT Compliance and Auditing Standards (ULOs 3.1, 3.2, 4.1, and 4.2)

    In Unit I, we covered the importance of compliance within information systems, adherence to relevant laws,
    regulations, directives, and recommendations concerning information protection, including confidentiality, data
    integrity, and data availability. This unit will explore what is required to achieve and sustain compliance across
    different domains within the IT environment.

    An IT audit for compliance is mainly focused on the observance of legal requirements and organizational
    standards by the IT systems in an organization, the operations that support these systems and the processes
    that are related to them. Configuration and change control management represent key security controls that
    are instrumental in the support of IT security and IT infrastructure. These controls assist in confirming the
    integrity of systems by checking not only against malware but also against the latest updates and proper
    functionality.

    Configuration Management

    Configuration management is the process of controlling, planning, implementing, and verifying the changes in
    configurations of IT assets such as computers, software, network devices, and even documentation.

    Standardization

    Standardization is responsible for the compliance of all systems with specific security policies and standards
    set. This minimizes risks that may occur due to poor or incompatible settings or configurations.

    UNIT II STUDY GUIDE

    IT Compliance and Auditing Standards

    [https://csrc.nist.gov/pubs/sp/800/53/r5/upd1/final](https://csrc.nist.gov/pubs/sp/800/53/r5/upd1/final)

    SEC 4302, Planning and Audits 2

    UNIT x STUDY GUIDE

    Title

    Baseline Management

    Baseline management adopts and sustains configuration compliance, which is the highest level of security
    standard that must be met by all the systems. Comparison of the current configurations with the baseline is
    frequently done to identify any alterations or modifications made without proper approval.

    Audit and Compliance

    This promotes periodic audits and compliance checks. Thus, detailed records of the specific system
    configurations illustrate compliance with the regulatory requirements and internal security policies.

    Incident Response

    This enhances the handling of incidents by supplying further data on system arrangements. The fact that the
    state of the system is clearly defined at any given time assists in prompt detection and handling of security
    threats.

    Change Management

    Change management deals with the management of change in IT systems in a structured way. The primary
    goal is to reduce the effect of changes on the performance and security of the system.

    Risk Assessment

    Makes certain that any changes it seeks to implement have been well evaluated for any security implications.
    This assists in early identification of threats that may be brought about by change in the process.

    Approval Process

    Implements a formal system of gaining approval for change. By granting only the authorized staff to effect
    changes, the system is protected from deliberate tampering or modification by unauthorized personnel.

    Documentation

    Keeps a record of all changes along with the reason for the change, method of change, and the effects
    analyzed. It is useful for auditing or in case of troubleshooting or for future use and review.

    Rollback Plans

    To make sure that rollback facilities are well defined for each change. In the case of a given change having a
    negative effect on the system, it can be rolled back to its previous state in a secure way.

    Analyzing the Effectiveness of Security Controls in Protecting Privacy Data

    Security controls in managing privacy data can be evaluated in terms of preventive, detective, and responsive
    capacities.

    Preventive Controls

    Preventive controls are implemented measures that reduce the likelihood of a security incident. It is also
    worth encrypting the data which is stored as well as in the process of its transmission, so even if someone
    intercepts the data or gains unauthorized access to it, they will not be able to read the contents of it. This
    prevents any unauthorized person from gaining access to the information in question or any other data
    accessible therein. This includes role-based access controls (RBAC) and multi-factor authentication (MFA).

    Detective Controls

    Detective controls assist in the detection of security breaches that occur and how they are handled. This
    involves constant checkups to ascertain that the system has not been compromised by the attacker since

    SEC 4302, Planning and Audits 3

    UNIT x STUDY GUIDE

    Title

    vulnerabilities often remain unseen yet are potential threats to the entire system. This prevents the
    opportunity for the weaknesses to be capitalized upon in the first place.

    Corrective Controls

    Corrective controls are corrective measures that are initiated to deal with a security breach. An incident
    response plan helps the organization be ready to respond to security threats when they occur, in the least
    time possible and eliminate further threat to the system. A backup of important data should be done frequently
    to ensure that in the event of a breach or loss, the data can be recovered. This is important as far as data
    consistency and accessibility are concerned. Continuity management plans guarantee that operations will not
    be interrupted for long in the event of large unscheduled interruptions such as cybercrimes or disasters.

    Summary

    An IT audit for compliance ensures an organization's IT systems adhere to laws, regulations, and internal
    policies by assessing IT infrastructure, reviewing policies, ensuring data protection, verifying access controls,
    evaluating incident response, and managing configurations and changes. Proper security controls, like
    configuration and change management, maintain IT infrastructure security by ensuring system consistency
    and controlled changes to minimize risks. The effectiveness of security controls in protecting privacy data is
    analyzed through risk assessments, implementation of controls, testing, continuous monitoring, and regular
    audits. Using standards in compliance auditing provides consistency, benchmarking, best practices,
    regulatory compliance, and credibility. Assessing the suitability of a framework and standard involves aligning
    with regulatory requirements, industry relevance, comprehensive coverage, scalability, ease of
    implementation, support, resources, and auditability.

    References

    Johnson, R., Weiss, M. M., & Solomon, M. G. (2024). Auditing IT infrastructures for compliance (3rd ed.).

    Jones & Bartlett Learning.

    Joint Task Force. (2020, September). Security and privacy controls for information systems and organizations

    (NIST Special Publication 800-53, Rev. 5). National Institute of Standards and Technology, U.S.
    Department of Commerce. https://csrc.nist.gov/pubs/sp/800/53/r5/upd1/final

    – Course Learning Outcomes for Unit II
    – Required Unit Resources

    – Chapter 3: What Is the Scope of an IT Compliance Audit? (ULOs 3.1 and 3.2)
    – Chapter 4: Auditing Standards and Frameworks (ULOs 4.1 and 4.2)
    – Webpage: Security and Privacy Controls for Information Systems and Organizations (ULOs 4.1 and 4.2)

    – Unit Lesson
    – Lesson: IT Compliance and Auditing Standards (ULOs 3.1, 3.2, 4.1, and 4.2)

    – Configuration Management
    – Standardization

    – Baseline Management
    – Audit and Compliance
    – Incident Response

    – Change Management

    – Risk Assessment
    – Approval Process
    – Documentation
    – Rollback Plans
    – Analyzing the Effectiveness of Security Controls in Protecting Privacy Data
    – Preventive Controls
    – Detective Controls
    – Corrective Controls

    – Summary

    – References

    **## II.docx**

    • Your initial post should be at least 200 words in length.

    Imagine that you have been promoted to the position of an IT manager in a mid-sized firm, SecureFunds Inc, which specializes in financial services and has recently undergone significant growth and adapted to the new conditions of doing business by developing digital services for customers. Nevertheless, as it expanded its operations, the company has experienced some difficulties in managing its IT security risks with specific regard to compliance matters and the safeguarding of the client’s data.

    As part of your work, you are supposed to conduct the IT audit for compliance and ensure that the company complies with the set standards and industry best practices. It is crucial for your focus to continue to build and strengthen an efficient IT foundation that can cater to growth and protect against security risks.

    · Discuss the scope of an IT audit for compliance and the use of standards and frameworks.

    · Explain the role of proper security controls, such as configuration and change management, in maintaining IT infrastructure security.

    · Discuss the importance of using standards in compliance auditing.

    Textbook: Johnson, R., Weiss, M. M., & Solomon, M. G. (2024). Auditing IT infrastructures for compliance (3rd ed.). Jones & Bartlett Learning. https://online.vitalsource.com/#/books/9781284260908

    **## UnitII.pdf**

    SEC 4302, Planning and Audits 1

    Course Learning Outcomes for Unit II

    At the end of this unit, you should be able to:

    3. Develop an information systems security auditing plan.
    3.1 Explain the role of proper security controls in maintaining IT infrastructure security.
    3.2 Analyze the effectiveness of security controls in protecting privacy data.

    4. Summarize corrective measures and recommendations for audit findings.

    4.1 Explain the importance of using standards in compliance auditing.
    4.2 Assess the suitability of a particular framework and standard for an IT security compliance

    audit.

    Required Unit Resources

    Chapter 3: What Is the Scope of an IT Compliance Audit? (ULOs 3.1 and 3.2)

    Chapter 4: Auditing Standards and Frameworks (ULOs 4.1 and 4.2)

    Webpage: Security and Privacy Controls for Information Systems and Organizations (ULOs 4.1 and
    4.2)
    This website discusses security and privacy control enhancements related to information systems providers
    (10 pages).

    Unit Lesson

    Lesson: IT Compliance and Auditing Standards (ULOs 3.1, 3.2, 4.1, and 4.2)

    In Unit I, we covered the importance of compliance within information systems, adherence to relevant laws,
    regulations, directives, and recommendations concerning information protection, including confidentiality, data
    integrity, and data availability. This unit will explore what is required to achieve and sustain compliance across
    different domains within the IT environment.

    An IT audit for compliance is mainly focused on the observance of legal requirements and organizational
    standards by the IT systems in an organization, the operations that support these systems and the processes
    that are related to them. Configuration and change control management represent key security controls that
    are instrumental in the support of IT security and IT infrastructure. These controls assist in confirming the
    integrity of systems by checking not only against malware but also against the latest updates and proper
    functionality.

    Configuration Management

    Configuration management is the process of controlling, planning, implementing, and verifying the changes in
    configurations of IT assets such as computers, software, network devices, and even documentation.

    Standardization

    Standardization is responsible for the compliance of all systems with specific security policies and standards
    set. This minimizes risks that may occur due to poor or incompatible settings or configurations.

    UNIT II STUDY GUIDE

    IT Compliance and Auditing Standards

    [https://csrc.nist.gov/pubs/sp/800/53/r5/upd1/final](https://csrc.nist.gov/pubs/sp/800/53/r5/upd1/final)

    SEC 4302, Planning and Audits 2

    UNIT x STUDY GUIDE

    Title

    Baseline Management

    Baseline management adopts and sustains configuration compliance, which is the highest level of security
    standard that must be met by all the systems. Comparison of the current configurations with the baseline is
    frequently done to identify any alterations or modifications made without proper approval.

    Audit and Compliance

    This promotes periodic audits and compliance checks. Thus, detailed records of the specific system
    configurations illustrate compliance with the regulatory requirements and internal security policies.

    Incident Response

    This enhances the handling of incidents by supplying further data on system arrangements. The fact that the
    state of the system is clearly defined at any given time assists in prompt detection and handling of security
    threats.

    Change Management

    Change management deals with the management of change in IT systems in a structured way. The primary
    goal is to reduce the effect of changes on the performance and security of the system.

    Risk Assessment

    Makes certain that any changes it seeks to implement have been well evaluated for any security implications.
    This assists in early identification of threats that may be brought about by change in the process.

    Approval Process

    Implements a formal system of gaining approval for change. By granting only the authorized staff to effect
    changes, the system is protected from deliberate tampering or modification by unauthorized personnel.

    Documentation

    Keeps a record of all changes along with the reason for the change, method of change, and the effects
    analyzed. It is useful for auditing or in case of troubleshooting or for future use and review.

    Rollback Plans

    To make sure that rollback facilities are well defined for each change. In the case of a given change having a
    negative effect on the system, it can be rolled back to its previous state in a secure way.

    Analyzing the Effectiveness of Security Controls in Protecting Privacy Data

    Security controls in managing privacy data can be evaluated in terms of preventive, detective, and responsive
    capacities.

    Preventive Controls

    Preventive controls are implemented measures that reduce the likelihood of a security incident. It is also
    worth encrypting the data which is stored as well as in the process of its transmission, so even if someone
    intercepts the data or gains unauthorized access to it, they will not be able to read the contents of it. This
    prevents any unauthorized person from gaining access to the information in question or any other data
    accessible therein. This includes role-based access controls (RBAC) and multi-factor authentication (MFA).

    Detective Controls

    Detective controls assist in the detection of security breaches that occur and how they are handled. This
    involves constant checkups to ascertain that the system has not been compromised by the attacker since

    SEC 4302, Planning and Audits 3

    UNIT x STUDY GUIDE

    Title

    vulnerabilities often remain unseen yet are potential threats to the entire system. This prevents the
    opportunity for the weaknesses to be capitalized upon in the first place.

    Corrective Controls

    Corrective controls are corrective measures that are initiated to deal with a security breach. An incident
    response plan helps the organization be ready to respond to security threats when they occur, in the least
    time possible and eliminate further threat to the system. A backup of important data should be done frequently
    to ensure that in the event of a breach or loss, the data can be recovered. This is important as far as data
    consistency and accessibility are concerned. Continuity management plans guarantee that operations will not
    be interrupted for long in the event of large unscheduled interruptions such as cybercrimes or disasters.

    Summary

    An IT audit for compliance ensures an organization's IT systems adhere to laws, regulations, and internal
    policies by assessing IT infrastructure, reviewing policies, ensuring data protection, verifying access controls,
    evaluating incident response, and managing configurations and changes. Proper security controls, like
    configuration and change management, maintain IT infrastructure security by ensuring system consistency
    and controlled changes to minimize risks. The effectiveness of security controls in protecting privacy data is
    analyzed through risk assessments, implementation of controls, testing, continuous monitoring, and regular
    audits. Using standards in compliance auditing provides consistency, benchmarking, best practices,
    regulatory compliance, and credibility. Assessing the suitability of a framework and standard involves aligning
    with regulatory requirements, industry relevance, comprehensive coverage, scalability, ease of
    implementation, support, resources, and auditability.

    References

    Johnson, R., Weiss, M. M., & Solomon, M. G. (2024). Auditing IT infrastructures for compliance (3rd ed.).

    Jones & Bartlett Learning.

    Joint Task Force. (2020, September). Security and privacy controls for information systems and organizations

    (NIST Special Publication 800-53, Rev. 5). National Institute of Standards and Technology, U.S.
    Department of Commerce. https://csrc.nist.gov/pubs/sp/800/53/r5/upd1/final

    – Course Learning Outcomes for Unit II
    – Required Unit Resources

    – Chapter 3: What Is the Scope of an IT Compliance Audit? (ULOs 3.1 and 3.2)
    – Chapter 4: Auditing Standards and Frameworks (ULOs 4.1 and 4.2)
    – Webpage: Security and Privacy Controls for Information Systems and Organizations (ULOs 4.1 and 4.2)

    – Unit Lesson
    – Lesson: IT Compliance and Auditing Standards (ULOs 3.1, 3.2, 4.1, and 4.2)

    – Configuration Management
    – Standardization

    – Baseline Management
    – Audit and Compliance
    – Incident Response

    – Change Management

    – Risk Assessment
    – Approval Process
    – Documentation
    – Rollback Plans
    – Analyzing the Effectiveness of Security Controls in Protecting Privacy Data
    – Preventive Controls
    – Detective Controls
    – Corrective Controls

    – Summary

    – References

    **## II.docx**

    • Your initial post should be at least 200 words in length.

    Imagine that you have been promoted to the position of an IT manager in a mid-sized firm, SecureFunds Inc, which specializes in financial services and has recently undergone significant growth and adapted to the new conditions of doing business by developing digital services for customers. Nevertheless, as it expanded its operations, the company has experienced some difficulties in managing its IT security risks with specific regard to compliance matters and the safeguarding of the client’s data.

    As part of your work, you are supposed to conduct the IT audit for compliance and ensure that the company complies with the set standards and industry best practices. It is crucial for your focus to continue to build and strengthen an efficient IT foundation that can cater to growth and protect against security risks.

    · Discuss the scope of an IT audit for compliance and the use of standards and frameworks.

    · Explain the role of proper security controls, such as configuration and change management, in maintaining IT infrastructure security.

    · Discuss the importance of using standards in compliance auditing.

    Textbook: Johnson, R., Weiss, M. M., & Solomon, M. G. (2024). Auditing IT infrastructures for compliance (3rd ed.). Jones & Bartlett Learning. https://online.vitalsource.com/#/books/9781284260908

    **## UnitII.pdf**

    SEC 4302, Planning and Audits 1

    Course Learning Outcomes for Unit II

    At the end of this unit, you should be able to:

    3. Develop an information systems security auditing plan.
    3.1 Explain the role of proper security controls in maintaining IT infrastructure security.
    3.2 Analyze the effectiveness of security controls in protecting privacy data.

    4. Summarize corrective measures and recommendations for audit findings.

    4.1 Explain the importance of using standards in compliance auditing.
    4.2 Assess the suitability of a particular framework and standard for an IT security compliance

    audit.

    Required Unit Resources

    Chapter 3: What Is the Scope of an IT Compliance Audit? (ULOs 3.1 and 3.2)

    Chapter 4: Auditing Standards and Frameworks (ULOs 4.1 and 4.2)

    Webpage: Security and Privacy Controls for Information Systems and Organizations (ULOs 4.1 and
    4.2)
    This website discusses security and privacy control enhancements related to information systems providers
    (10 pages).

    Unit Lesson

    Lesson: IT Compliance and Auditing Standards (ULOs 3.1, 3.2, 4.1, and 4.2)

    In Unit I, we covered the importance of compliance within information systems, adherence to relevant laws,
    regulations, directives, and recommendations concerning information protection, including confidentiality, data
    integrity, and data availability. This unit will explore what is required to achieve and sustain compliance across
    different domains within the IT environment.

    An IT audit for compliance is mainly focused on the observance of legal requirements and organizational
    standards by the IT systems in an organization, the operations that support these systems and the processes
    that are related to them. Configuration and change control management represent key security controls that
    are instrumental in the support of IT security and IT infrastructure. These controls assist in confirming the
    integrity of systems by checking not only against malware but also against the latest updates and proper
    functionality.

    Configuration Management

    Configuration management is the process of controlling, planning, implementing, and verifying the changes in
    configurations of IT assets such as computers, software, network devices, and even documentation.

    Standardization

    Standardization is responsible for the compliance of all systems with specific security policies and standards
    set. This minimizes risks that may occur due to poor or incompatible settings or configurations.

    UNIT II STUDY GUIDE

    IT Compliance and Auditing Standards

    [https://csrc.nist.gov/pubs/sp/800/53/r5/upd1/final](https://csrc.nist.gov/pubs/sp/800/53/r5/upd1/final)

    SEC 4302, Planning and Audits 2

    UNIT x STUDY GUIDE

    Title

    Baseline Management

    Baseline management adopts and sustains configuration compliance, which is the highest level of security
    standard that must be met by all the systems. Comparison of the current configurations with the baseline is
    frequently done to identify any alterations or modifications made without proper approval.

    Audit and Compliance

    This promotes periodic audits and compliance checks. Thus, detailed records of the specific system
    configurations illustrate compliance with the regulatory requirements and internal security policies.

    Incident Response

    This enhances the handling of incidents by supplying further data on system arrangements. The fact that the
    state of the system is clearly defined at any given time assists in prompt detection and handling of security
    threats.

    Change Management

    Change management deals with the management of change in IT systems in a structured way. The primary
    goal is to reduce the effect of changes on the performance and security of the system.

    Risk Assessment

    Makes certain that any changes it seeks to implement have been well evaluated for any security implications.
    This assists in early identification of threats that may be brought about by change in the process.

    Approval Process

    Implements a formal system of gaining approval for change. By granting only the authorized staff to effect
    changes, the system is protected from deliberate tampering or modification by unauthorized personnel.

    Documentation

    Keeps a record of all changes along with the reason for the change, method of change, and the effects
    analyzed. It is useful for auditing or in case of troubleshooting or for future use and review.

    Rollback Plans

    To make sure that rollback facilities are well defined for each change. In the case of a given change having a
    negative effect on the system, it can be rolled back to its previous state in a secure way.

    Analyzing the Effectiveness of Security Controls in Protecting Privacy Data

    Security controls in managing privacy data can be evaluated in terms of preventive, detective, and responsive
    capacities.

    Preventive Controls

    Preventive controls are implemented measures that reduce the likelihood of a security incident. It is also
    worth encrypting the data which is stored as well as in the process of its transmission, so even if someone
    intercepts the data or gains unauthorized access to it, they will not be able to read the contents of it. This
    prevents any unauthorized person from gaining access to the information in question or any other data
    accessible therein. This includes role-based access controls (RBAC) and multi-factor authentication (MFA).

    Detective Controls

    Detective controls assist in the detection of security breaches that occur and how they are handled. This
    involves constant checkups to ascertain that the system has not been compromised by the attacker since

    SEC 4302, Planning and Audits 3

    UNIT x STUDY GUIDE

    Title

    vulnerabilities often remain unseen yet are potential threats to the entire system. This prevents the
    opportunity for the weaknesses to be capitalized upon in the first place.

    Corrective Controls

    Corrective controls are corrective measures that are initiated to deal with a security breach. An incident
    response plan helps the organization be ready to respond to security threats when they occur, in the least
    time possible and eliminate further threat to the system. A backup of important data should be done frequently
    to ensure that in the event of a breach or loss, the data can be recovered. This is important as far as data
    consistency and accessibility are concerned. Continuity management plans guarantee that operations will not
    be interrupted for long in the event of large unscheduled interruptions such as cybercrimes or disasters.

    Summary

    An IT audit for compliance ensures an organization's IT systems adhere to laws, regulations, and internal
    policies by assessing IT infrastructure, reviewing policies, ensuring data protection, verifying access controls,
    evaluating incident response, and managing configurations and changes. Proper security controls, like
    configuration and change management, maintain IT infrastructure security by ensuring system consistency
    and controlled changes to minimize risks. The effectiveness of security controls in protecting privacy data is
    analyzed through risk assessments, implementation of controls, testing, continuous monitoring, and regular
    audits. Using standards in compliance auditing provides consistency, benchmarking, best practices,
    regulatory compliance, and credibility. Assessing the suitability of a framework and standard involves aligning
    with regulatory requirements, industry relevance, comprehensive coverage, scalability, ease of
    implementation, support, resources, and auditability.

    References

    Johnson, R., Weiss, M. M., & Solomon, M. G. (2024). Auditing IT infrastructures for compliance (3rd ed.).

    Jones & Bartlett Learning.

    Joint Task Force. (2020, September). Security and privacy controls for information systems and organizations

    (NIST Special Publication 800-53, Rev. 5). National Institute of Standards and Technology, U.S.
    Department of Commerce. https://csrc.nist.gov/pubs/sp/800/53/r5/upd1/final

    – Course Learning Outcomes for Unit II
    – Required Unit Resources

    – Chapter 3: What Is the Scope of an IT Compliance Audit? (ULOs 3.1 and 3.2)
    – Chapter 4: Auditing Standards and Frameworks (ULOs 4.1 and 4.2)
    – Webpage: Security and Privacy Controls for Information Systems and Organizations (ULOs 4.1 and 4.2)

    – Unit Lesson
    – Lesson: IT Compliance and Auditing Standards (ULOs 3.1, 3.2, 4.1, and 4.2)

    – Configuration Management
    – Standardization

    – Baseline Management
    – Audit and Compliance
    – Incident Response

    – Change Management

    – Risk Assessment
    – Approval Process
    – Documentation
    – Rollback Plans
    – Analyzing the Effectiveness of Security Controls in Protecting Privacy Data
    – Preventive Controls
    – Detective Controls
    – Corrective Controls

    – Summary

    – References

    – 1
    – 2

  • [Solved] Business Finance – Operations Management Assignment 3 week 5

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    Collect, organize, analyze, and critique – ## LitRevrubric.doc – ## LiteratureReview.docx – ## LitRevrubric.doc – ## LitreviewexampleTB20231.docx **## LitRevrubric.doc** [removed] **## LiteratureReview.docx** Literature Review (for the same Research Paper you started) – This week you will expand y…

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    Collect, organize, analyze, and critique

    – ## LitRevrubric.doc

    – ## LiteratureReview.docx

    – ## LitRevrubric.doc

    – ## LitreviewexampleTB20231.docx

    **## LitRevrubric.doc**

    [removed]

    **## LiteratureReview.docx**

    Literature Review (for the same Research Paper you started) – This week you will expand your week 3 assignment by adding more sources and evaluation of each source to develop a literature review.

    1.Collect, organize, analyze, and critique 15 + peer-reviewed research articles that are related to a topic area and problem statement.

    2.Write an introduction to your topic and the overall problem you are addressing.

    3.Write a literature review.

    4.Conclude your literature review with a summary of the gaps in the Literature and how this aligns with your research area of interest.

    5.
    Your writing should follow the standards established in the course and in-text and end-of-text references should follow APA style manual format.

    **## LitRevrubric.doc**

    **Assessment Rubric for Literature Review**

    | | | | | | |
    | — | — | — | — | — | — |
    | **CATEGORY** | **A** | **B** | **C** | **D** | **F** |
    | **Quantity of sources**<br>**10 pts.** | Document cites at least the required number of sources. | One source under the required number of sources. | Two – three sources under the required number of sources. | Four to five sources under the required number of sources. | More than five sources under the number of required sources. |
    | **Credibility of Sources**<br>**20 pts.** | All sources cited can be considered credible or scholarly. | Most sources cited can be considered credible or scholarly | Some sources can be considered credible or scholarly | Few sources cited can be considered credible or scholarly | Little or no credible or scholarly sources cited. |
    | **Evaluation of Sources**<br>**20 pts.** | Literature Review <br>succinctly and <br>comprehensively <br>describe the source <br>material; <br>literature review offers <br>great insight into the <br>source material; Thoroughly explains why source was chosen (relates to topic). | Most of the reviews<br>are succinct; Most <br>comprehensively <br>describe the source <br>material; Some <br>offer insight into the <br>source material; Offers some explanation of why the source was chose or Offers and explanation for most of the sources. | Some <br>reviews may <br>be too short or <br>too long; <br>Annotations <br>adequately <br>describe the <br>source material, <br>but lack insight; Offers little explanation of why source was chosen or offers an explanation for why sources was chosen on only some of the sources. | Few reviews <br>meet the length <br>requirements, few <br>reviews<br>adequately <br>describe the <br>source material; <br>reviews offer <br>little insight; Offers insight as to why the source was chose on only a few sources. | Most reviews <br>are either too <br>short or too long; <br>reviews do <br>not describe the <br>source material; <br>reviews offer <br>no insight; does not offer insight on why the source was chosen on any of the sources. |
    | **Grammar and mechanics** | The entire literature review is thoughtful, complete, and well written. Written in third person. | Most of the Literature Review is thoughtful, complete, and well written. | Some of the Literature review is well written but some is lacking in completeness, thought, and /or writing quality (grammar and mechanics). | Most of the Literature review is lacking in completeness, thought, and/or writing quality (grammar and mechanics). | All of the Literature Review is lacking in completeness, thought, and/or writing quality (grammar and mechanics). |
    | **APA and**<br>**Documentation**<br>**25 pts.** | Citations are formatted correctly in the document. | There are a few formatting errors in the document’s citations. | There are some formatting errors in the document’s citations. | There are many and/or frequent formatting errors in the document’s citations. | There is little or no adherence to APA format in the document. |

    **## LitreviewexampleTB20231.docx**

    2

    **The Impact of the U.S. Economy on Transportation and Logistics Management**

    **Introduction**

    The U.S. economy depends on the transportation and logistics sector, which links production centers with consumer markets and allows for the efficient flow of goods and resources across enormous networks. Economic swings can affect transportation and logistics operations. Policymakers, industry executives, and scholars must comprehend the impact of the U.S. economy on logistics and transportation management. This literature review summarizes major findings and insights from several researches on this topic, highlighting industry challenges and opportunities in changing market conditions.

    **Literature Review**

    Gallen and Winston (2021) use general equilibrium to examine transportation capital's impact on the US economy. According to the authors, transportation infrastructure investment can boost economic development, employment, and productivity. They also suggest that transportation capital investment improves other economic sectors. The study emphasizes considering economic sector interdependence when assessing transportation infrastructure investment. The authors conclude that transportation capital investment can boost economic growth and development. Overall, the essay sheds light on transportation's role in the US economy and the benefits of infrastructure investment.

    Logistics development affects economic growth in Guangdong Province, China, according to Li and Chen (2021). Logistics development boosts economic growth, according to empirical studies. According to the report, logistics growth may help boost other industries and resource allocation. According to the authors, logistics development is crucial to Guangdong Province's economic growth. The article explores logistics' role in economic growth and the benefits of logistics infrastructure investment. Overall, the study adds to logistics and economic development knowledge and helps logistics policymakers and practitioners.

    Bajusz's 2019 book examines arms sales and the US economy. The author claims that arms sales can boost or hurt the US economy. On one side, arms sales can boost US defense firms' earnings and create jobs. Arms sales can siphon resources from other industries and cause global instability and violence. Arms sales' economic, political, and social effects on the US economy and society are examined in the book. Arms sales and ethics in US foreign policy are also discussed. Overall, the book contributes to the literature on arms sales and the US economy and sheds light on the complicated arms trade challenges.

    Zhang and Graham thoroughly reviewed the impact mechanism and causal linkages between air transport and economic growth (2020). According to the authors, air transport affects economic growth through trade, tourism, foreign direct investment, and knowledge spillovers. The study also finds that air transport boosts economic growth in developed and emerging nations. The authors recommend policymakers consider investing in air transport infrastructure to boost economic growth. The article discusses air transport's role in economic growth and the benefits of improving connectivity. The study adds to the literature on air transport and economic development and informs air transport policymakers and practitioners.

    The article by Liu, Lee, and Lee (2020) explores the challenges and opportunities given by the COVID-19 global health crisis. Supply chains, digital revolution, and remote labor are examined as pandemic management and business impacts. The study also examines Asian businesses' and governments' pandemic responses, emphasizing the importance of agility, resilience, and creativity in crisis management. Asia's businesses face challenges and opportunities from the pandemic, and those that can adapt and innovate will survive better. Insights regarding the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on Asian businesses are provided in the article, which also emphasizes the importance of strategic planning and risk management during times of crisis. The study adds to the global health crises literature's management and business implications and helps policymakers and business practitioners.

    The economic impact of the COVID-19 outbreak and the need for epidemic preparedness are discussed in the article by Pak et al. (2020). The writers look at the pandemic's impact on the global economy, including how it affects employment, commerce, and investment. The study also examines governments' and international organizations' responses to the pandemic's economic consequences, emphasizing the importance of coordinated action and preparedness for future epidemics. The authors claim that the COVID-19 pandemic has exposed global economic vulnerabilities and highlighted the need for more epidemic preparedness and response investment. Insights into the economic impact of the COVID-19 outbreak are provided in the article, which also emphasizes the importance of preventive measures to lessen the impact of future epidemics.

    Furthermore, the article by Adedoyin et al. (2020) explores the implications of air transportation, energy, information, and communication technology (ICT), and foreign direct investment (FDI) on economic growth in the US in Industry 4.0. The study employs panel data analysis to find that air transportation, energy, and ICT boost economic growth, but FDI hurts it. These findings show that policymakers and businesses need to invest in air transportation, energy, and ICT infrastructure to boost economic growth and competitiveness in Industry 4.0. The article discusses transportation and logistics in the US economy and the importance of strategic planning and infrastructure investment for economic growth. The study contributed to the literature on the US economy's impact on transportation and logistics management and provided useful information for policymakers and practitioners.

    Standing et al.'s (2019) article examines how the sharing economy affects travel in the US. The sharing economy lets people and businesses pool resources and cut costs, which might disrupt transportation and logistics paradigms, according to the authors. A study on the impact of the sharing economy on ridesharing, car-sharing, bike-sharing, and freight-sharing outlines the main challenges and opportunities for traditional transportation and logistics organizations. The sharing economy may enhance transport efficiency, congestion, and sustainability, but safety, regulation, and labor rights are concerns. The sharing economy's impact on US transportation and logistics management and the need for businesses to adapt are discussed in the article. The study contributed to the literature on the US economy's impact on transportation and logistics management and provided useful information for policymakers and practitioners.

    Considering biomass-fossil energy use and growth, the article by Umar et al. (2021) explores the importance of environmental quality in the US transportation industry. The study examines the impact of biomass and fossil energy use on environmental quality in the transportation industry and highlights sustainability challenges and opportunities. The transportation sector contributes significantly to greenhouse gas emissions and air pollution. Hence, laws and methods to mitigate its environmental impact are needed. The study also shows that biofuels and electric vehicles can lower pollution and enhance the environment. In addition to highlighting the need for collaboration between policymakers and businesses to address environmental issues, the article offers insightful information on the challenges and opportunities for advancing sustainability in the US transportation sector. The study contributed to the literature on the US economy's impact on transportation and logistics management and provided useful information for policymakers and practitioners.

    Raza, Shah, and Sharif's (2019) article examines the temporal frequency link between energy consumption, economic growth, and environmental deterioration in the US transportation sector. These variables' relationships at different time scales are examined using wavelet coherence analysis. The study demonstrates a positive association between energy consumption and transportation sector economic growth but a negative environmental impact. Energy conservation and sustainable transportation regulations are needed to reduce the environmental impact of the transportation sector's economic growth, according to the authors. Overall, the article illuminates the intricate relationship between the US economy, transportation, and the environment.

    The 2020 article by Afrin and Yodo analyzes road traffic congestion measures for a sustainable and resilient transportation system. The writers explore the harmful impact of traffic congestion on the environment, public health, and economy. Intelligent transportation systems, congestion pricing, public transportation, and walking and cycling are among these options. The article also stresses the importance of stakeholder engagement and collaboration in the implementation of these policies. The article sheds light on transportation sustainability and resilience's challenges and opportunities and offers policymakers, transportation planners, and other stakeholders practical advice.

    The impact of the pandemic on logistics and crisis management in the agricultural sector is discussed in Gray's (2020) article, "Agriculture, transportation, and the COVID-19 crisis." The author emphasizes the importance of transportation infrastructure in delivering agricultural products to customers. Gray notes that COVID-19-related transportation disruptions have disrupted supply chains, increasing food waste and decreasing food security. The article also talks about the challenges transportation employees, including truck drivers, confront. Gray advises policymakers to prioritize investment in transportation infrastructure and transportation workers to ensure the agricultural supply chain's resilience. Overall, Gray's article sheds light on the impact of the US economy on crisis and logistics management in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic.

    Cullen et al. (2021) discuss how the US economy affects fuel cell adoption in heavy-duty transportation in "New roads and challenges for fuel cells in heavy-duty transportation." Fuel cells can cut greenhouse gas emissions and enhance transportation energy efficiency, the authors say. They remark that fuel cells' high cost and lack of hydrogen fueling station infrastructure hinder their wider deployment. To overcome these challenges and speed up the deployment of fuel cell technology in heavy-duty transportation, the article highlights the need for regulatory support and public-private collaborations. The authors emphasize the importance of industry stakeholder engagement to standardize fuel cell testing and evaluation methodologies. Overall, Cullen et al.'s article sheds light on fuel cell challenges and opportunities in the US economy and transportation industry.

    The impact of the US economy on the electrification of the transportation sector and the supply of vital raw materials is discussed in the article by Hache et al. (2019), titled "Critical raw materials and economy sector electrification: A detailed bottom-up analysis in world transport." Electric vehicles (EVs) can cut greenhouse gas emissions and boost transportation energy efficiency, according to the authors. Lithium, cobalt, and rare earth elements impede EV adoption, they say. The article emphasizes the need for regulatory support and investment in sustainable supply chains for crucial raw materials to electrify transportation. The authors stress the importance of industry stakeholder engagement to develop standardized standards for recycling and reusing crucial raw materials. In the context of the US economy and essential raw material availability, Hache et al.'s article sheds light on transportation sector electrification challenges and opportunities.

    Wang et al.'s 2020 article "Railway and road infrastructure in the Belt and Road Initiative countries: Estimating the impact of transport infrastructure on economic growth" examines how transport infrastructure affects BRI economies. The writers emphasize the importance of railway and road infrastructure in BRI countries' economic growth and development. To facilitate economic growth and regional integration, the article emphasizes the need for legislative support and investment in the construction of transportation infrastructure. As BRI countries collaborate to standardize transport infrastructure development and management norms, the authors emphasize their importance. The article by Wang et al. sheds light on how transport infrastructure boosts economic growth in BRI countries and the importance of policy support and collaboration in its development.

    **Conclusion**

    The literature on the impact of the U.S. economy on logistics and transportation management, emphasizes the importance of this sector in fostering economic growth and development. Studies show that economic swings can affect transportation and logistics operations, therefore businesses must be initiative-taking in reacting to market changes. Businesses may successfully traverse volatility and maintain their competitiveness in the global market by adopting innovative technologies, forming partnerships with suppliers and logistics providers, and prioritizing responsiveness and risk management. This literature review emphasizes the importance of ongoing research and analysis in this subject to improve policy and practice and assure the transportation and logistics industry's sustained success.

    **References**

    Adedoyin, F. F., Bekun, F. V., Driha, O. M., & Balsalobre-Lorente, D. (2020). The effects of air transportation, energy, ICT and FDI on economic growth in the Industry 4.0 era: Evidence from the United States. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 160, 120297.

    Afrin, T., & Yodo, N. (2020). A survey of road traffic congestion measures towards a sustainable and resilient transportation system. Sustainability, 12(11), 4660.

    Bajusz, W. D. (2019).
    _Arms Sales And The US Economy_. Routledge.

    Cullen, D. A., Neyerlin, K. C., Ahluwalia, R. K., Mukundan, R., More, K. L., Borup, R. L. & Kusoglu, A. (2021). New roads and challenges for fuel cells in heavy-duty transportation. Nature Energy, 6(5), 462-474.

    Gallen, T. S., & Winston, C. (2021). Transportation capital and its effects on the US economy: A general equilibrium approach.
    _Journal of Macroeconomics_,
    _69_, 103334.
    [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmacro.2021.103334](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmacro.2021.103334)

    Gray, R. S. (2020). Agriculture, transportation, and the COVID‐19 crisis. Canadian Journal of Agricultural Economics/Revue canadienne d'agroeconomie, 68(2), 239-243.

    Hache, E., Seck, G. S., Simoen, M., Bonnet, C., & Carcanague, S. (2019). Critical raw materials and transportation sector electrification: A detailed bottom-up analysis in world transport. Applied Energy, 240, 6-25.

    Li, X., & Chen, F. (2021). Impact of Logistics Development on Economic Growth: An Empirical Research from Guangdong Province in China.
    _Complexity_,
    _2021_, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/9950935

    Liu, Y., Lee, J. M., & Lee, C. (2020). The challenges and opportunities of a global health crisis: the management and business implications of COVID-19 from an Asian perspective. Asian Business & Management, 19, 277-297.

    Pak, A., Adegboye, O. A., Adekunle, A. I., Rahman, K. M., McBryde, E. S., & Eisen, D. P. (2020). Economic consequences of the COVID-19 outbreak: the need for epidemic preparedness. Frontiers in public health, 8, 241.

    Raza, S. A., Shah, N., & Sharif, A. (2019). Time-frequency relationship between energy consumption, economic growth, and environmental degradation in the United States: Evidence from the transportation sector. Energy, 173, 706-720.

    Standing, C., Standing, S., & Biermann, S. (2019). The implications of the sharing economy for transport. Transport Reviews, 39(2), 226-242.

    Umar, M., Ji, X., Kirikkaleli, D., & Alola, A. A. (2021). The imperativeness of environmental quality in the United States transportation sector amidst biomass-fossil energy consumption and growth. Journal of Cleaner Production, 285, 124863.

    Wang, C., Lim, M. K., Zhang, X., Zhao, L., & Lee, P. T. W. (2020). Railway and road infrastructure in the Belt and Road Initiative countries: Estimating the impact of transport infrastructure on economic growth. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 134, 288-307.

    Zhang, F., & Graham, D. J. (2020). Air transport and economic growth: a review of the impact mechanism and causal relationships. Transport Reviews, 40(4), 506-528.

    **## LitreviewexampleTB20231.docx**

    2

    **The Impact of the U.S. Economy on Transportation and Logistics Management**

    **Introduction**

    The U.S. economy depends on the transportation and logistics sector, which links production centers with consumer markets and allows for the efficient flow of goods and resources across enormous networks. Economic swings can affect transportation and logistics operations. Policymakers, industry executives, and scholars must comprehend the impact of the U.S. economy on logistics and transportation management. This literature review summarizes major findings and insights from several researches on this topic, highlighting industry challenges and opportunities in changing market conditions.

    **Literature Review**

    Gallen and Winston (2021) use general equilibrium to examine transportation capital's impact on the US economy. According to the authors, transportation infrastructure investment can boost economic development, employment, and productivity. They also suggest that transportation capital investment improves other economic sectors. The study emphasizes considering economic sector interdependence when assessing transportation infrastructure investment. The authors conclude that transportation capital investment can boost economic growth and development. Overall, the essay sheds light on transportation's role in the US economy and the benefits of infrastructure investment.

    Logistics development affects economic growth in Guangdong Province, China, according to Li and Chen (2021). Logistics development boosts economic growth, according to empirical studies. According to the report, logistics growth may help boost other industries and resource allocation. According to the authors, logistics development is crucial to Guangdong Province's economic growth. The article explores logistics' role in economic growth and the benefits of logistics infrastructure investment. Overall, the study adds to logistics and economic development knowledge and helps logistics policymakers and practitioners.

    Bajusz's 2019 book examines arms sales and the US economy. The author claims that arms sales can boost or hurt the US economy. On one side, arms sales can boost US defense firms' earnings and create jobs. Arms sales can siphon resources from other industries and cause global instability and violence. Arms sales' economic, political, and social effects on the US economy and society are examined in the book. Arms sales and ethics in US foreign policy are also discussed. Overall, the book contributes to the literature on arms sales and the US economy and sheds light on the complicated arms trade challenges.

    Zhang and Graham thoroughly reviewed the impact mechanism and causal linkages between air transport and economic growth (2020). According to the authors, air transport affects economic growth through trade, tourism, foreign direct investment, and knowledge spillovers. The study also finds that air transport boosts economic growth in developed and emerging nations. The authors recommend policymakers consider investing in air transport infrastructure to boost economic growth. The article discusses air transport's role in economic growth and the benefits of improving connectivity. The study adds to the literature on air transport and economic development and informs air transport policymakers and practitioners.

    The article by Liu, Lee, and Lee (2020) explores the challenges and opportunities given by the COVID-19 global health crisis. Supply chains, digital revolution, and remote labor are examined as pandemic management and business impacts. The study also examines Asian businesses' and governments' pandemic responses, emphasizing the importance of agility, resilience, and creativity in crisis management. Asia's businesses face challenges and opportunities from the pandemic, and those that can adapt and innovate will survive better. Insights regarding the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on Asian businesses are provided in the article, which also emphasizes the importance of strategic planning and risk management during times of crisis. The study adds to the global health crises literature's management and business implications and helps policymakers and business practitioners.

    The economic impact of the COVID-19 outbreak and the need for epidemic preparedness are discussed in the article by Pak et al. (2020). The writers look at the pandemic's impact on the global economy, including how it affects employment, commerce, and investment. The study also examines governments' and international organizations' responses to the pandemic's economic consequences, emphasizing the importance of coordinated action and preparedness for future epidemics. The authors claim that the COVID-19 pandemic has exposed global economic vulnerabilities and highlighted the need for more epidemic preparedness and response investment. Insights into the economic impact of the COVID-19 outbreak are provided in the article, which also emphasizes the importance of preventive measures to lessen the impact of future epidemics.

    Furthermore, the article by Adedoyin et al. (2020) explores the implications of air transportation, energy, information, and communication technology (ICT), and foreign direct investment (FDI) on economic growth in the US in Industry 4.0. The study employs panel data analysis to find that air transportation, energy, and ICT boost economic growth, but FDI hurts it. These findings show that policymakers and businesses need to invest in air transportation, energy, and ICT infrastructure to boost economic growth and competitiveness in Industry 4.0. The article discusses transportation and logistics in the US economy and the importance of strategic planning and infrastructure investment for economic growth. The study contributed to the literature on the US economy's impact on transportation and logistics management and provided useful information for policymakers and practitioners.

    Standing et al.'s (2019) article examines how the sharing economy affects travel in the US. The sharing economy lets people and businesses pool resources and cut costs, which might disrupt transportation and logistics paradigms, according to the authors. A study on the impact of the sharing economy on ridesharing, car-sharing, bike-sharing, and freight-sharing outlines the main challenges and opportunities for traditional transportation and logistics organizations. The sharing economy may enhance transport efficiency, congestion, and sustainability, but safety, regulation, and labor rights are concerns. The sharing economy's impact on US transportation and logistics management and the need for businesses to adapt are discussed in the article. The study contributed to the literature on the US economy's impact on transportation and logistics management and provided useful information for policymakers and practitioners.

    Considering biomass-fossil energy use and growth, the article by Umar et al. (2021) explores the importance of environmental quality in the US transportation industry. The study examines the impact of biomass and fossil energy use on environmental quality in the transportation industry and highlights sustainability challenges and opportunities. The transportation sector contributes significantly to greenhouse gas emissions and air pollution. Hence, laws and methods to mitigate its environmental impact are needed. The study also shows that biofuels and electric vehicles can lower pollution and enhance the environment. In addition to highlighting the need for collaboration between policymakers and businesses to address environmental issues, the article offers insightful information on the challenges and opportunities for advancing sustainability in the US transportation sector. The study contributed to the literature on the US economy's impact on transportation and logistics management and provided useful information for policymakers and practitioners.

    Raza, Shah, and Sharif's (2019) article examines the temporal frequency link between energy consumption, economic growth, and environmental deterioration in the US transportation sector. These variables' relationships at different time scales are examined using wavelet coherence analysis. The study demonstrates a positive association between energy consumption and transportation sector economic growth but a negative environmental impact. Energy conservation and sustainable transportation regulations are needed to reduce the environmental impact of the transportation sector's economic growth, according to the authors. Overall, the article illuminates the intricate relationship between the US economy, transportation, and the environment.

    The 2020 article by Afrin and Yodo analyzes road traffic congestion measures for a sustainable and resilient transportation system. The writers explore the harmful impact of traffic congestion on the environment, public health, and economy. Intelligent transportation systems, congestion pricing, public transportation, and walking and cycling are among these options. The article also stresses the importance of stakeholder engagement and collaboration in the implementation of these policies. The article sheds light on transportation sustainability and resilience's challenges and opportunities and offers policymakers, transportation planners, and other stakeholders practical advice.

    The impact of the pandemic on logistics and crisis management in the agricultural sector is discussed in Gray's (2020) article, "Agriculture, transportation, and the COVID-19 crisis." The author emphasizes the importance of transportation infrastructure in delivering agricultural products to customers. Gray notes that COVID-19-related transportation disruptions have disrupted supply chains, increasing food waste and decreasing food security. The article also talks about the challenges transportation employees, including truck drivers, confront. Gray advises policymakers to prioritize investment in transportation infrastructure and transportation workers to ensure the agricultural supply chain's resilience. Overall, Gray's article sheds light on the impact of the US economy on crisis and logistics management in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic.

    Cullen et al. (2021) discuss how the US economy affects fuel cell adoption in heavy-duty transportation in "New roads and challenges for fuel cells in heavy-duty transportation." Fuel cells can cut greenhouse gas emissions and enhance transportation energy efficiency, the authors say. They remark that fuel cells' high cost and lack of hydrogen fueling station infrastructure hinder their wider deployment. To overcome these challenges and speed up the deployment of fuel cell technology in heavy-duty transportation, the article highlights the need for regulatory support and public-private collaborations. The authors emphasize the importance of industry stakeholder engagement to standardize fuel cell testing and evaluation methodologies. Overall, Cullen et al.'s article sheds light on fuel cell challenges and opportunities in the US economy and transportation industry.

    The impact of the US economy on the electrification of the transportation sector and the supply of vital raw materials is discussed in the article by Hache et al. (2019), titled "Critical raw materials and economy sector electrification: A detailed bottom-up analysis in world transport." Electric vehicles (EVs) can cut greenhouse gas emissions and boost transportation energy efficiency, according to the authors. Lithium, cobalt, and rare earth elements impede EV adoption, they say. The article emphasizes the need for regulatory support and investment in sustainable supply chains for crucial raw materials to electrify transportation. The authors stress the importance of industry stakeholder engagement to develop standardized standards for recycling and reusing crucial raw materials. In the context of the US economy and essential raw material availability, Hache et al.'s article sheds light on transportation sector electrification challenges and opportunities.

    Wang et al.'s 2020 article "Railway and road infrastructure in the Belt and Road Initiative countries: Estimating the impact of transport infrastructure on economic growth" examines how transport infrastructure affects BRI economies. The writers emphasize the importance of railway and road infrastructure in BRI countries' economic growth and development. To facilitate economic growth and regional integration, the article emphasizes the need for legislative support and investment in the construction of transportation infrastructure. As BRI countries collaborate to standardize transport infrastructure development and management norms, the authors emphasize their importance. The article by Wang et al. sheds light on how transport infrastructure boosts economic growth in BRI countries and the importance of policy support and collaboration in its development.

    **Conclusion**

    The literature on the impact of the U.S. economy on logistics and transportation management, emphasizes the importance of this sector in fostering economic growth and development. Studies show that economic swings can affect transportation and logistics operations, therefore businesses must be initiative-taking in reacting to market changes. Businesses may successfully traverse volatility and maintain their competitiveness in the global market by adopting innovative technologies, forming partnerships with suppliers and logistics providers, and prioritizing responsiveness and risk management. This literature review emphasizes the importance of ongoing research and analysis in this subject to improve policy and practice and assure the transportation and logistics industry's sustained success.

    **References**

    Adedoyin, F. F., Bekun, F. V., Driha, O. M., & Balsalobre-Lorente, D. (2020). The effects of air transportation, energy, ICT and FDI on economic growth in the Industry 4.0 era: Evidence from the United States. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 160, 120297.

    Afrin, T., & Yodo, N. (2020). A survey of road traffic congestion measures towards a sustainable and resilient transportation system. Sustainability, 12(11), 4660.

    Bajusz, W. D. (2019).
    _Arms Sales And The US Economy_. Routledge.

    Cullen, D. A., Neyerlin, K. C., Ahluwalia, R. K., Mukundan, R., More, K. L., Borup, R. L. & Kusoglu, A. (2021). New roads and challenges for fuel cells in heavy-duty transportation. Nature Energy, 6(5), 462-474.

    Gallen, T. S., & Winston, C. (2021). Transportation capital and its effects on the US economy: A general equilibrium approach.
    _Journal of Macroeconomics_,
    _69_, 103334.
    [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmacro.2021.103334](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmacro.2021.103334)

    Gray, R. S. (2020). Agriculture, transportation, and the COVID‐19 crisis. Canadian Journal of Agricultural Economics/Revue canadienne d'agroeconomie, 68(2), 239-243.

    Hache, E., Seck, G. S., Simoen, M., Bonnet, C., & Carcanague, S. (2019). Critical raw materials and transportation sector electrification: A detailed bottom-up analysis in world transport. Applied Energy, 240, 6-25.

    Li, X., & Chen, F. (2021). Impact of Logistics Development on Economic Growth: An Empirical Research from Guangdong Province in China.
    _Complexity_,
    _2021_, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/9950935

    Liu, Y., Lee, J. M., & Lee, C. (2020). The challenges and opportunities of a global health crisis: the management and business implications of COVID-19 from an Asian perspective. Asian Business & Management, 19, 277-297.

    Pak, A., Adegboye, O. A., Adekunle, A. I., Rahman, K. M., McBryde, E. S., & Eisen, D. P. (2020). Economic consequences of the COVID-19 outbreak: the need for epidemic preparedness. Frontiers in public health, 8, 241.

    Raza, S. A., Shah, N., & Sharif, A. (2019). Time-frequency relationship between energy consumption, economic growth, and environmental degradation in the United States: Evidence from the transportation sector. Energy, 173, 706-720.

    Standing, C., Standing, S., & Biermann, S. (2019). The implications of the sharing economy for transport. Transport Reviews, 39(2), 226-242.

    Umar, M., Ji, X., Kirikkaleli, D., & Alola, A. A. (2021). The imperativeness of environmental quality in the United States transportation sector amidst biomass-fossil energy consumption and growth. Journal of Cleaner Production, 285, 124863.

    Wang, C., Lim, M. K., Zhang, X., Zhao, L., & Lee, P. T. W. (2020). Railway and road infrastructure in the Belt and Road Initiative countries: Estimating the impact of transport infrastructure on economic growth. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 134, 288-307.

    Zhang, F., & Graham, D. J. (2020). Air transport and economic growth: a review of the impact mechanism and causal relationships. Transport Reviews, 40(4), 506-528.

    **## LitRevrubric.doc**

    [removed]

    **## LiteratureReview.docx**

    Literature Review (for the same Research Paper you started) – This week you will expand your week 3 assignment by adding more sources and evaluation of each source to develop a literature review.

    1.Collect, organize, analyze, and critique 15 + peer-reviewed research articles that are related to a topic area and problem statement.

    2.Write an introduction to your topic and the overall problem you are addressing.

    3.Write a literature review.

    4.Conclude your literature review with a summary of the gaps in the Literature and how this aligns with your research area of interest.

    5.
    Your writing should follow the standards established in the course and in-text and end-of-text references should follow APA style manual format.

    **## LitRevrubric.doc**

    **Assessment Rubric for Literature Review**

    | | | | | | |
    | — | — | — | — | — | — |
    | **CATEGORY** | **A** | **B** | **C** | **D** | **F** |
    | **Quantity of sources**<br>**10 pts.** | Document cites at least the required number of sources. | One source under the required number of sources. | Two – three sources under the required number of sources. | Four to five sources under the required number of sources. | More than five sources under the number of required sources. |
    | **Credibility of Sources**<br>**20 pts.** | All sources cited can be considered credible or scholarly. | Most sources cited can be considered credible or scholarly | Some sources can be considered credible or scholarly | Few sources cited can be considered credible or scholarly | Little or no credible or scholarly sources cited. |
    | **Evaluation of Sources**<br>**20 pts.** | Literature Review <br>succinctly and <br>comprehensively <br>describe the source <br>material; <br>literature review offers <br>great insight into the <br>source material; Thoroughly explains why source was chosen (relates to topic). | Most of the reviews<br>are succinct; Most <br>comprehensively <br>describe the source <br>material; Some <br>offer insight into the <br>source material; Offers some explanation of why the source was chose or Offers and explanation for most of the sources. | Some <br>reviews may <br>be too short or <br>too long; <br>Annotations <br>adequately <br>describe the <br>source material, <br>but lack insight; Offers little explanation of why source was chosen or offers an explanation for why sources was chosen on only some of the sources. | Few reviews <br>meet the length <br>requirements, few <br>reviews<br>adequately <br>describe the <br>source material; <br>reviews offer <br>little insight; Offers insight as to why the source was chose on only a few sources. | Most reviews <br>are either too <br>short or too long; <br>reviews do <br>not describe the <br>source material; <br>reviews offer <br>no insight; does not offer insight on why the source was chosen on any of the sources. |
    | **Grammar and mechanics** | The entire literature review is thoughtful, complete, and well written. Written in third person. | Most of the Literature Review is thoughtful, complete, and well written. | Some of the Literature review is well written but some is lacking in completeness, thought, and /or writing quality (grammar and mechanics). | Most of the Literature review is lacking in completeness, thought, and/or writing quality (grammar and mechanics). | All of the Literature Review is lacking in completeness, thought, and/or writing quality (grammar and mechanics). |
    | **APA and**<br>**Documentation**<br>**25 pts.** | Citations are formatted correctly in the document. | There are a few formatting errors in the document’s citations. | There are some formatting errors in the document’s citations. | There are many and/or frequent formatting errors in the document’s citations. | There is little or no adherence to APA format in the document. |

    **## LitreviewexampleTB20231.docx**

    2

    **The Impact of the U.S. Economy on Transportation and Logistics Management**

    **Introduction**

    The U.S. economy depends on the transportation and logistics sector, which links production centers with consumer markets and allows for the efficient flow of goods and resources across enormous networks. Economic swings can affect transportation and logistics operations. Policymakers, industry executives, and scholars must comprehend the impact of the U.S. economy on logistics and transportation management. This literature review summarizes major findings and insights from several researches on this topic, highlighting industry challenges and opportunities in changing market conditions.

    **Literature Review**

    Gallen and Winston (2021) use general equilibrium to examine transportation capital's impact on the US economy. According to the authors, transportation infrastructure investment can boost economic development, employment, and productivity. They also suggest that transportation capital investment improves other economic sectors. The study emphasizes considering economic sector interdependence when assessing transportation infrastructure investment. The authors conclude that transportation capital investment can boost economic growth and development. Overall, the essay sheds light on transportation's role in the US economy and the benefits of infrastructure investment.

    Logistics development affects economic growth in Guangdong Province, China, according to Li and Chen (2021). Logistics development boosts economic growth, according to empirical studies. According to the report, logistics growth may help boost other industries and resource allocation. According to the authors, logistics development is crucial to Guangdong Province's economic growth. The article explores logistics' role in economic growth and the benefits of logistics infrastructure investment. Overall, the study adds to logistics and economic development knowledge and helps logistics policymakers and practitioners.

    Bajusz's 2019 book examines arms sales and the US economy. The author claims that arms sales can boost or hurt the US economy. On one side, arms sales can boost US defense firms' earnings and create jobs. Arms sales can siphon resources from other industries and cause global instability and violence. Arms sales' economic, political, and social effects on the US economy and society are examined in the book. Arms sales and ethics in US foreign policy are also discussed. Overall, the book contributes to the literature on arms sales and the US economy and sheds light on the complicated arms trade challenges.

    Zhang and Graham thoroughly reviewed the impact mechanism and causal linkages between air transport and economic growth (2020). According to the authors, air transport affects economic growth through trade, tourism, foreign direct investment, and knowledge spillovers. The study also finds that air transport boosts economic growth in developed and emerging nations. The authors recommend policymakers consider investing in air transport infrastructure to boost economic growth. The article discusses air transport's role in economic growth and the benefits of improving connectivity. The study adds to the literature on air transport and economic development and informs air transport policymakers and practitioners.

    The article by Liu, Lee, and Lee (2020) explores the challenges and opportunities given by the COVID-19 global health crisis. Supply chains, digital revolution, and remote labor are examined as pandemic management and business impacts. The study also examines Asian businesses' and governments' pandemic responses, emphasizing the importance of agility, resilience, and creativity in crisis management. Asia's businesses face challenges and opportunities from the pandemic, and those that can adapt and innovate will survive better. Insights regarding the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on Asian businesses are provided in the article, which also emphasizes the importance of strategic planning and risk management during times of crisis. The study adds to the global health crises literature's management and business implications and helps policymakers and business practitioners.

    The economic impact of the COVID-19 outbreak and the need for epidemic preparedness are discussed in the article by Pak et al. (2020). The writers look at the pandemic's impact on the global economy, including how it affects employment, commerce, and investment. The study also examines governments' and international organizations' responses to the pandemic's economic consequences, emphasizing the importance of coordinated action and preparedness for future epidemics. The authors claim that the COVID-19 pandemic has exposed global economic vulnerabilities and highlighted the need for more epidemic preparedness and response investment. Insights into the economic impact of the COVID-19 outbreak are provided in the article, which also emphasizes the importance of preventive measures to lessen the impact of future epidemics.

    Furthermore, the article by Adedoyin et al. (2020) explores the implications of air transportation, energy, information, and communication technology (ICT), and foreign direct investment (FDI) on economic growth in the US in Industry 4.0. The study employs panel data analysis to find that air transportation, energy, and ICT boost economic growth, but FDI hurts it. These findings show that policymakers and businesses need to invest in air transportation, energy, and ICT infrastructure to boost economic growth and competitiveness in Industry 4.0. The article discusses transportation and logistics in the US economy and the importance of strategic planning and infrastructure investment for economic growth. The study contributed to the literature on the US economy's impact on transportation and logistics management and provided useful information for policymakers and practitioners.

    Standing et al.'s (2019) article examines how the sharing economy affects travel in the US. The sharing economy lets people and businesses pool resources and cut costs, which might disrupt transportation and logistics paradigms, according to the authors. A study on the impact of the sharing economy on ridesharing, car-sharing, bike-sharing, and freight-sharing outlines the main challenges and opportunities for traditional transportation and logistics organizations. The sharing economy may enhance transport efficiency, congestion, and sustainability, but safety, regulation, and labor rights are concerns. The sharing economy's impact on US transportation and logistics management and the need for businesses to adapt are discussed in the article. The study contributed to the literature on the US economy's impact on transportation and logistics management and provided useful information for policymakers and practitioners.

    Considering biomass-fossil energy use and growth, the article by Umar et al. (2021) explores the importance of environmental quality in the US transportation industry. The study examines the impact of biomass and fossil energy use on environmental quality in the transportation industry and highlights sustainability challenges and opportunities. The transportation sector contributes significantly to greenhouse gas emissions and air pollution. Hence, laws and methods to mitigate its environmental impact are needed. The study also shows that biofuels and electric vehicles can lower pollution and enhance the environment. In addition to highlighting the need for collaboration between policymakers and businesses to address environmental issues, the article offers insightful information on the challenges and opportunities for advancing sustainability in the US transportation sector. The study contributed to the literature on the US economy's impact on transportation and logistics management and provided useful information for policymakers and practitioners.

    Raza, Shah, and Sharif's (2019) article examines the temporal frequency link between energy consumption, economic growth, and environmental deterioration in the US transportation sector. These variables' relationships at different time scales are examined using wavelet coherence analysis. The study demonstrates a positive association between energy consumption and transportation sector economic growth but a negative environmental impact. Energy conservation and sustainable transportation regulations are needed to reduce the environmental impact of the transportation sector's economic growth, according to the authors. Overall, the article illuminates the intricate relationship between the US economy, transportation, and the environment.

    The 2020 article by Afrin and Yodo analyzes road traffic congestion measures for a sustainable and resilient transportation system. The writers explore the harmful impact of traffic congestion on the environment, public health, and economy. Intelligent transportation systems, congestion pricing, public transportation, and walking and cycling are among these options. The article also stresses the importance of stakeholder engagement and collaboration in the implementation of these policies. The article sheds light on transportation sustainability and resilience's challenges and opportunities and offers policymakers, transportation planners, and other stakeholders practical advice.

    The impact of the pandemic on logistics and crisis management in the agricultural sector is discussed in Gray's (2020) article, "Agriculture, transportation, and the COVID-19 crisis." The author emphasizes the importance of transportation infrastructure in delivering agricultural products to customers. Gray notes that COVID-19-related transportation disruptions have disrupted supply chains, increasing food waste and decreasing food security. The article also talks about the challenges transportation employees, including truck drivers, confront. Gray advises policymakers to prioritize investment in transportation infrastructure and transportation workers to ensure the agricultural supply chain's resilience. Overall, Gray's article sheds light on the impact of the US economy on crisis and logistics management in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic.

    Cullen et al. (2021) discuss how the US economy affects fuel cell adoption in heavy-duty transportation in "New roads and challenges for fuel cells in heavy-duty transportation." Fuel cells can cut greenhouse gas emissions and enhance transportation energy efficiency, the authors say. They remark that fuel cells' high cost and lack of hydrogen fueling station infrastructure hinder their wider deployment. To overcome these challenges and speed up the deployment of fuel cell technology in heavy-duty transportation, the article highlights the need for regulatory support and public-private collaborations. The authors emphasize the importance of industry stakeholder engagement to standardize fuel cell testing and evaluation methodologies. Overall, Cullen et al.'s article sheds light on fuel cell challenges and opportunities in the US economy and transportation industry.

    The impact of the US economy on the electrification of the transportation sector and the supply of vital raw materials is discussed in the article by Hache et al. (2019), titled "Critical raw materials and economy sector electrification: A detailed bottom-up analysis in world transport." Electric vehicles (EVs) can cut greenhouse gas emissions and boost transportation energy efficiency, according to the authors. Lithium, cobalt, and rare earth elements impede EV adoption, they say. The article emphasizes the need for regulatory support and investment in sustainable supply chains for crucial raw materials to electrify transportation. The authors stress the importance of industry stakeholder engagement to develop standardized standards for recycling and reusing crucial raw materials. In the context of the US economy and essential raw material availability, Hache et al.'s article sheds light on transportation sector electrification challenges and opportunities.

    Wang et al.'s 2020 article "Railway and road infrastructure in the Belt and Road Initiative countries: Estimating the impact of transport infrastructure on economic growth" examines how transport infrastructure affects BRI economies. The writers emphasize the importance of railway and road infrastructure in BRI countries' economic growth and development. To facilitate economic growth and regional integration, the article emphasizes the need for legislative support and investment in the construction of transportation infrastructure. As BRI countries collaborate to standardize transport infrastructure development and management norms, the authors emphasize their importance. The article by Wang et al. sheds light on how transport infrastructure boosts economic growth in BRI countries and the importance of policy support and collaboration in its development.

    **Conclusion**

    The literature on the impact of the U.S. economy on logistics and transportation management, emphasizes the importance of this sector in fostering economic growth and development. Studies show that economic swings can affect transportation and logistics operations, therefore businesses must be initiative-taking in reacting to market changes. Businesses may successfully traverse volatility and maintain their competitiveness in the global market by adopting innovative technologies, forming partnerships with suppliers and logistics providers, and prioritizing responsiveness and risk management. This literature review emphasizes the importance of ongoing research and analysis in this subject to improve policy and practice and assure the transportation and logistics industry's sustained success.

    **References**

    Adedoyin, F. F., Bekun, F. V., Driha, O. M., & Balsalobre-Lorente, D. (2020). The effects of air transportation, energy, ICT and FDI on economic growth in the Industry 4.0 era: Evidence from the United States. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 160, 120297.

    Afrin, T., & Yodo, N. (2020). A survey of road traffic congestion measures towards a sustainable and resilient transportation system. Sustainability, 12(11), 4660.

    Bajusz, W. D. (2019).
    _Arms Sales And The US Economy_. Routledge.

    Cullen, D. A., Neyerlin, K. C., Ahluwalia, R. K., Mukundan, R., More, K. L., Borup, R. L. & Kusoglu, A. (2021). New roads and challenges for fuel cells in heavy-duty transportation. Nature Energy, 6(5), 462-474.

    Gallen, T. S., & Winston, C. (2021). Transportation capital and its effects on the US economy: A general equilibrium approach.
    _Journal of Macroeconomics_,
    _69_, 103334.
    [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmacro.2021.103334](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmacro.2021.103334)

    Gray, R. S. (2020). Agriculture, transportation, and the COVID‐19 crisis. Canadian Journal of Agricultural Economics/Revue canadienne d'agroeconomie, 68(2), 239-243.

    Hache, E., Seck, G. S., Simoen, M., Bonnet, C., & Carcanague, S. (2019). Critical raw materials and transportation sector electrification: A detailed bottom-up analysis in world transport. Applied Energy, 240, 6-25.

    Li, X., & Chen, F. (2021). Impact of Logistics Development on Economic Growth: An Empirical Research from Guangdong Province in China.
    _Complexity_,
    _2021_, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/9950935

    Liu, Y., Lee, J. M., & Lee, C. (2020). The challenges and opportunities of a global health crisis: the management and business implications of COVID-19 from an Asian perspective. Asian Business & Management, 19, 277-297.

    Pak, A., Adegboye, O. A., Adekunle, A. I., Rahman, K. M., McBryde, E. S., & Eisen, D. P. (2020). Economic consequences of the COVID-19 outbreak: the need for epidemic preparedness. Frontiers in public health, 8, 241.

    Raza, S. A., Shah, N., & Sharif, A. (2019). Time-frequency relationship between energy consumption, economic growth, and environmental degradation in the United States: Evidence from the transportation sector. Energy, 173, 706-720.

    Standing, C., Standing, S., & Biermann, S. (2019). The implications of the sharing economy for transport. Transport Reviews, 39(2), 226-242.

    Umar, M., Ji, X., Kirikkaleli, D., & Alola, A. A. (2021). The imperativeness of environmental quality in the United States transportation sector amidst biomass-fossil energy consumption and growth. Journal of Cleaner Production, 285, 124863.

    Wang, C., Lim, M. K., Zhang, X., Zhao, L., & Lee, P. T. W. (2020). Railway and road infrastructure in the Belt and Road Initiative countries: Estimating the impact of transport infrastructure on economic growth. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 134, 288-307.

    Zhang, F., & Graham, D. J. (2020). Air transport and economic growth: a review of the impact mechanism and causal relationships. Transport Reviews, 40(4), 506-528.

    **## LitRevrubric.doc**

    [removed]

    **## LiteratureReview.docx**

    Literature Review (for the same Research Paper you started) – This week you will expand your week 3 assignment by adding more sources and evaluation of each source to develop a literature review.

    1.Collect, organize, analyze, and critique 15 + peer-reviewed research articles that are related to a topic area and problem statement.

    2.Write an introduction to your topic and the overall problem you are addressing.

    3.Write a literature review.

    4.Conclude your literature review with a summary of the gaps in the Literature and how this aligns with your research area of interest.

    5.
    Your writing should follow the standards established in the course and in-text and end-of-text references should follow APA style manual format.

    **## LitRevrubric.doc**

    **Assessment Rubric for Literature Review**

    | | | | | | |
    | — | — | — | — | — | — |
    | **CATEGORY** | **A** | **B** | **C** | **D** | **F** |
    | **Quantity of sources**<br>**10 pts.** | Document cites at least the required number of sources. | One source under the required number of sources. | Two – three sources under the required number of sources. | Four to five sources under the required number of sources. | More than five sources under the number of required sources. |
    | **Credibility of Sources**<br>**20 pts.** | All sources cited can be considered credible or scholarly. | Most sources cited can be considered credible or scholarly | Some sources can be considered credible or scholarly | Few sources cited can be considered credible or scholarly | Little or no credible or scholarly sources cited. |
    | **Evaluation of Sources**<br>**20 pts.** | Literature Review <br>succinctly and <br>comprehensively <br>describe the source <br>material; <br>literature review offers <br>great insight into the <br>source material; Thoroughly explains why source was chosen (relates to topic). | Most of the reviews<br>are succinct; Most <br>comprehensively <br>describe the source <br>material; Some <br>offer insight into the <br>source material; Offers some explanation of why the source was chose or Offers and explanation for most of the sources. | Some <br>reviews may <br>be too short or <br>too long; <br>Annotations <br>adequately <br>describe the <br>source material, <br>but lack insight; Offers little explanation of why source was chosen or offers an explanation for why sources was chosen on only some of the sources. | Few reviews <br>meet the length <br>requirements, few <br>reviews<br>adequately <br>describe the <br>source material; <br>reviews offer <br>little insight; Offers insight as to why the source was chose on only a few sources. | Most reviews <br>are either too <br>short or too long; <br>reviews do <br>not describe the <br>source material; <br>reviews offer <br>no insight; does not offer insight on why the source was chosen on any of the sources. |
    | **Grammar and mechanics** | The entire literature review is thoughtful, complete, and well written. Written in third person. | Most of the Literature Review is thoughtful, complete, and well written. | Some of the Literature review is well written but some is lacking in completeness, thought, and /or writing quality (grammar and mechanics). | Most of the Literature review is lacking in completeness, thought, and/or writing quality (grammar and mechanics). | All of the Literature Review is lacking in completeness, thought, and/or writing quality (grammar and mechanics). |
    | **APA and**<br>**Documentation**<br>**25 pts.** | Citations are formatted correctly in the document. | There are a few formatting errors in the document’s citations. | There are some formatting errors in the document’s citations. | There are many and/or frequent formatting errors in the document’s citations. | There is little or no adherence to APA format in the document. |

    **## LitreviewexampleTB20231.docx**

    2

    **The Impact of the U.S. Economy on Transportation and Logistics Management**

    **Introduction**

    The U.S. economy depends on the transportation and logistics sector, which links production centers with consumer markets and allows for the efficient flow of goods and resources across enormous networks. Economic swings can affect transportation and logistics operations. Policymakers, industry executives, and scholars must comprehend the impact of the U.S. economy on logistics and transportation management. This literature review summarizes major findings and insights from several researches on this topic, highlighting industry challenges and opportunities in changing market conditions.

    **Literature Review**

    Gallen and Winston (2021) use general equilibrium to examine transportation capital's impact on the US economy. According to the authors, transportation infrastructure investment can boost economic development, employment, and productivity. They also suggest that transportation capital investment improves other economic sectors. The study emphasizes considering economic sector interdependence when assessing transportation infrastructure investment. The authors conclude that transportation capital investment can boost economic growth and development. Overall, the essay sheds light on transportation's role in the US economy and the benefits of infrastructure investment.

    Logistics development affects economic growth in Guangdong Province, China, according to Li and Chen (2021). Logistics development boosts economic growth, according to empirical studies. According to the report, logistics growth may help boost other industries and resource allocation. According to the authors, logistics development is crucial to Guangdong Province's economic growth. The article explores logistics' role in economic growth and the benefits of logistics infrastructure investment. Overall, the study adds to logistics and economic development knowledge and helps logistics policymakers and practitioners.

    Bajusz's 2019 book examines arms sales and the US economy. The author claims that arms sales can boost or hurt the US economy. On one side, arms sales can boost US defense firms' earnings and create jobs. Arms sales can siphon resources from other industries and cause global instability and violence. Arms sales' economic, political, and social effects on the US economy and society are examined in the book. Arms sales and ethics in US foreign policy are also discussed. Overall, the book contributes to the literature on arms sales and the US economy and sheds light on the complicated arms trade challenges.

    Zhang and Graham thoroughly reviewed the impact mechanism and causal linkages between air transport and economic growth (2020). According to the authors, air transport affects economic growth through trade, tourism, foreign direct investment, and knowledge spillovers. The study also finds that air transport boosts economic growth in developed and emerging nations. The authors recommend policymakers consider investing in air transport infrastructure to boost economic growth. The article discusses air transport's role in economic growth and the benefits of improving connectivity. The study adds to the literature on air transport and economic development and informs air transport policymakers and practitioners.

    The article by Liu, Lee, and Lee (2020) explores the challenges and opportunities given by the COVID-19 global health crisis. Supply chains, digital revolution, and remote labor are examined as pandemic management and business impacts. The study also examines Asian businesses' and governments' pandemic responses, emphasizing the importance of agility, resilience, and creativity in crisis management. Asia's businesses face challenges and opportunities from the pandemic, and those that can adapt and innovate will survive better. Insights regarding the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on Asian businesses are provided in the article, which also emphasizes the importance of strategic planning and risk management during times of crisis. The study adds to the global health crises literature's management and business implications and helps policymakers and business practitioners.

    The economic impact of the COVID-19 outbreak and the need for epidemic preparedness are discussed in the article by Pak et al. (2020). The writers look at the pandemic's impact on the global economy, including how it affects employment, commerce, and investment. The study also examines governments' and international organizations' responses to the pandemic's economic consequences, emphasizing the importance of coordinated action and preparedness for future epidemics. The authors claim that the COVID-19 pandemic has exposed global economic vulnerabilities and highlighted the need for more epidemic preparedness and response investment. Insights into the economic impact of the COVID-19 outbreak are provided in the article, which also emphasizes the importance of preventive measures to lessen the impact of future epidemics.

    Furthermore, the article by Adedoyin et al. (2020) explores the implications of air transportation, energy, information, and communication technology (ICT), and foreign direct investment (FDI) on economic growth in the US in Industry 4.0. The study employs panel data analysis to find that air transportation, energy, and ICT boost economic growth, but FDI hurts it. These findings show that policymakers and businesses need to invest in air transportation, energy, and ICT infrastructure to boost economic growth and competitiveness in Industry 4.0. The article discusses transportation and logistics in the US economy and the importance of strategic planning and infrastructure investment for economic growth. The study contributed to the literature on the US economy's impact on transportation and logistics management and provided useful information for policymakers and practitioners.

    Standing et al.'s (2019) article examines how the sharing economy affects travel in the US. The sharing economy lets people and businesses pool resources and cut costs, which might disrupt transportation and logistics paradigms, according to the authors. A study on the impact of the sharing economy on ridesharing, car-sharing, bike-sharing, and freight-sharing outlines the main challenges and opportunities for traditional transportation and logistics organizations. The sharing economy may enhance transport efficiency, congestion, and sustainability, but safety, regulation, and labor rights are concerns. The sharing economy's impact on US transportation and logistics management and the need for businesses to adapt are discussed in the article. The study contributed to the literature on the US economy's impact on transportation and logistics management and provided useful information for policymakers and practitioners.

    Considering biomass-fossil energy use and growth, the article by Umar et al. (2021) explores the importance of environmental quality in the US transportation industry. The study examines the impact of biomass and fossil energy use on environmental quality in the transportation industry and highlights sustainability challenges and opportunities. The transportation sector contributes significantly to greenhouse gas emissions and air pollution. Hence, laws and methods to mitigate its environmental impact are needed. The study also shows that biofuels and electric vehicles can lower pollution and enhance the environment. In addition to highlighting the need for collaboration between policymakers and businesses to address environmental issues, the article offers insightful information on the challenges and opportunities for advancing sustainability in the US transportation sector. The study contributed to the literature on the US economy's impact on transportation and logistics management and provided useful information for policymakers and practitioners.

    Raza, Shah, and Sharif's (2019) article examines the temporal frequency link between energy consumption, economic growth, and environmental deterioration in the US transportation sector. These variables' relationships at different time scales are examined using wavelet coherence analysis. The study demonstrates a positive association between energy consumption and transportation sector economic growth but a negative environmental impact. Energy conservation and sustainable transportation regulations are needed to reduce the environmental impact of the transportation sector's economic growth, according to the authors. Overall, the article illuminates the intricate relationship between the US economy, transportation, and the environment.

    The 2020 article by Afrin and Yodo analyzes road traffic congestion measures for a sustainable and resilient transportation system. The writers explore the harmful impact of traffic congestion on the environment, public health, and economy. Intelligent transportation systems, congestion pricing, public transportation, and walking and cycling are among these options. The article also stresses the importance of stakeholder engagement and collaboration in the implementation of these policies. The article sheds light on transportation sustainability and resilience's challenges and opportunities and offers policymakers, transportation planners, and other stakeholders practical advice.

    The impact of the pandemic on logistics and crisis management in the agricultural sector is discussed in Gray's (2020) article, "Agriculture, transportation, and the COVID-19 crisis." The author emphasizes the importance of transportation infrastructure in delivering agricultural products to customers. Gray notes that COVID-19-related transportation disruptions have disrupted supply chains, increasing food waste and decreasing food security. The article also talks about the challenges transportation employees, including truck drivers, confront. Gray advises policymakers to prioritize investment in transportation infrastructure and transportation workers to ensure the agricultural supply chain's resilience. Overall, Gray's article sheds light on the impact of the US economy on crisis and logistics management in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic.

    Cullen et al. (2021) discuss how the US economy affects fuel cell adoption in heavy-duty transportation in "New roads and challenges for fuel cells in heavy-duty transportation." Fuel cells can cut greenhouse gas emissions and enhance transportation energy efficiency, the authors say. They remark that fuel cells' high cost and lack of hydrogen fueling station infrastructure hinder their wider deployment. To overcome these challenges and speed up the deployment of fuel cell technology in heavy-duty transportation, the article highlights the need for regulatory support and public-private collaborations. The authors emphasize the importance of industry stakeholder engagement to standardize fuel cell testing and evaluation methodologies. Overall, Cullen et al.'s article sheds light on fuel cell challenges and opportunities in the US economy and transportation industry.

    The impact of the US economy on the electrification of the transportation sector and the supply of vital raw materials is discussed in the article by Hache et al. (2019), titled "Critical raw materials and economy sector electrification: A detailed bottom-up analysis in world transport." Electric vehicles (EVs) can cut greenhouse gas emissions and boost transportation energy efficiency, according to the authors. Lithium, cobalt, and rare earth elements impede EV adoption, they say. The article emphasizes the need for regulatory support and investment in sustainable supply chains for crucial raw materials to electrify transportation. The authors stress the importance of industry stakeholder engagement to develop standardized standards for recycling and reusing crucial raw materials. In the context of the US economy and essential raw material availability, Hache et al.'s article sheds light on transportation sector electrification challenges and opportunities.

    Wang et al.'s 2020 article "Railway and road infrastructure in the Belt and Road Initiative countries: Estimating the impact of transport infrastructure on economic growth" examines how transport infrastructure affects BRI economies. The writers emphasize the importance of railway and road infrastructure in BRI countries' economic growth and development. To facilitate economic growth and regional integration, the article emphasizes the need for legislative support and investment in the construction of transportation infrastructure. As BRI countries collaborate to standardize transport infrastructure development and management norms, the authors emphasize their importance. The article by Wang et al. sheds light on how transport infrastructure boosts economic growth in BRI countries and the importance of policy support and collaboration in its development.

    **Conclusion**

    The literature on the impact of the U.S. economy on logistics and transportation management, emphasizes the importance of this sector in fostering economic growth and development. Studies show that economic swings can affect transportation and logistics operations, therefore businesses must be initiative-taking in reacting to market changes. Businesses may successfully traverse volatility and maintain their competitiveness in the global market by adopting innovative technologies, forming partnerships with suppliers and logistics providers, and prioritizing responsiveness and risk management. This literature review emphasizes the importance of ongoing research and analysis in this subject to improve policy and practice and assure the transportation and logistics industry's sustained success.

    **References**

    Adedoyin, F. F., Bekun, F. V., Driha, O. M., & Balsalobre-Lorente, D. (2020). The effects of air transportation, energy, ICT and FDI on economic growth in the Industry 4.0 era: Evidence from the United States. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 160, 120297.

    Afrin, T., & Yodo, N. (2020). A survey of road traffic congestion measures towards a sustainable and resilient transportation system. Sustainability, 12(11), 4660.

    Bajusz, W. D. (2019).
    _Arms Sales And The US Economy_. Routledge.

    Cullen, D. A., Neyerlin, K. C., Ahluwalia, R. K., Mukundan, R., More, K. L., Borup, R. L. & Kusoglu, A. (2021). New roads and challenges for fuel cells in heavy-duty transportation. Nature Energy, 6(5), 462-474.

    Gallen, T. S., & Winston, C. (2021). Transportation capital and its effects on the US economy: A general equilibrium approach.
    _Journal of Macroeconomics_,
    _69_, 103334.
    [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmacro.2021.103334](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmacro.2021.103334)

    Gray, R. S. (2020). Agriculture, transportation, and the COVID‐19 crisis. Canadian Journal of Agricultural Economics/Revue canadienne d'agroeconomie, 68(2), 239-243.

    Hache, E., Seck, G. S., Simoen, M., Bonnet, C., & Carcanague, S. (2019). Critical raw materials and transportation sector electrification: A detailed bottom-up analysis in world transport. Applied Energy, 240, 6-25.

    Li, X., & Chen, F. (2021). Impact of Logistics Development on Economic Growth: An Empirical Research from Guangdong Province in China.
    _Complexity_,
    _2021_, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/9950935

    Liu, Y., Lee, J. M., & Lee, C. (2020). The challenges and opportunities of a global health crisis: the management and business implications of COVID-19 from an Asian perspective. Asian Business & Management, 19, 277-297.

    Pak, A., Adegboye, O. A., Adekunle, A. I., Rahman, K. M., McBryde, E. S., & Eisen, D. P. (2020). Economic consequences of the COVID-19 outbreak: the need for epidemic preparedness. Frontiers in public health, 8, 241.

    Raza, S. A., Shah, N., & Sharif, A. (2019). Time-frequency relationship between energy consumption, economic growth, and environmental degradation in the United States: Evidence from the transportation sector. Energy, 173, 706-720.

    Standing, C., Standing, S., & Biermann, S. (2019). The implications of the sharing economy for transport. Transport Reviews, 39(2), 226-242.

    Umar, M., Ji, X., Kirikkaleli, D., & Alola, A. A. (2021). The imperativeness of environmental quality in the United States transportation sector amidst biomass-fossil energy consumption and growth. Journal of Cleaner Production, 285, 124863.

    Wang, C., Lim, M. K., Zhang, X., Zhao, L., & Lee, P. T. W. (2020). Railway and road infrastructure in the Belt and Road Initiative countries: Estimating the impact of transport infrastructure on economic growth. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 134, 288-307.

    Zhang, F., & Graham, D. J. (2020). Air transport and economic growth: a review of the impact mechanism and causal relationships. Transport Reviews, 40(4), 506-528.

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    I have to record a video response to the following: Please write something up, doesn’t need references or anything.

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    · What variations will you find in the physical examination?

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    I have to record a video response to the following: Please write something up, doesn’t need references or anything.

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