Tag: Clinical-Nursing

Violation of Pharmacist Guideline Essay

“Most Medicare Prescription Drug Plans have a  coverage  gap (which is also called the “donut hole”). This means there  is a  temporary limit on what the drug plan will cover for drugs.” 
Click  here
 to review and analyze additional information on coverage gap.

Now, analyze the following scenario.

A pharmacist  submits Medicare claims for  brand name medication instead of following the  guidelines to provide  the patients with the less expensive, generic  medicines.

Respond to the  following:

Which  law, if any, is violated by the pharmacist?

By  using the Internet, research and provide a similar real-life example.

Justify your answers  with appropriate  research and reasoning by using examples and references from  textbooks,  the South University Online Library, and other acceptable  references.  Cite sources in the APA format. Further, comment on the postings  of at  least two peers.

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Part II: Breach of Contract

A  contract consists of a voluntary  agreement that two parties enter into with  the intent of benefitting  each other (Fremgen, 2012). Something of value,  which is termed  consideration, is part of the agreement (Fremgen, 2012). A  contract can  be either expressed or implied. An express contract is an  agreement  that clearly states all the terms. It can be entered into orally or  in  writing (Fremgen, 2012).

A  breach of contract occurs when either  party fails to comply with the terms of  the agreement (Fremgen, 2012).  For example, if a physician refuses to perform  a medical procedure he  or she had agreed to perform, the physician has  breached the contract  (Fremgen, 2012). If a patient does not pay an  agreed-upon fee, then the  patient breached the contract with the physician  (Fremgen, 2012).

Now,  respond to the following questions:

Find out your state’s current court  decisions for  breach of contract and provide an example of breach of contract   affecting a hospital.

Review and describe the state’s methodology  for addressing issues pertaining to such a breach of contract.

Describe how legal procedures have evolved  over time to help reduce such occurrences.

Describe how the breach of contract you  identified could have been avoided.

Justify your  answers with appropriate  research and reasoning by using examples and  references from textbooks,  the South University Online Library, and other  acceptable references.  Cite sources in the APA format. Further, comment on  the postings of at  least two peers.

Source: 

Fremgen, B.  (2012). 
Medical law and ethics.
 (4th  ed.). Boston, MA: Prentice Hall

Nightingale Theory Essay

1. A brief overview of Nightingale theory

2. Explanation of how Nightingale theory incorporates the four metaparadigm concepts.

3. Explain at least three specific ways in which Nightingale theory could be used to improve nursing practice. Elaborate, explain, or defend each point mentioned.

4. Provide current reliable sources to establish credibility for the presentation.

In a written paper of 1,200-1,500 words, apply the concepts of epidemiology and nursing research to a communicable disease.

Communicable Disease Selection

Choose one communicable disease from the following list:

Chickenpox

Tuberculosis

Influenza

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Mononucleosis

Hepatitis B

HIV

Epidemiology Paper Requirements

Include the following in your assignment:

Description of the communicable disease (causes, symptoms, mode of transmission, complications, treatment) and the demographic of interest (mortality, morbidity, incidence, and prevalence).

Describe the determinants of health and explain how those factors contribute to the development of this disease.

Discuss the epidemiologic triangle as it relates to the communicable disease you have selected. Include the host factors, agent factors (presence or absence), and environmental factors. (The textbook describes each element of the epidemiologic triangle).

Explain the role of the community health nurse (case finding, reporting, data collecting, data analysis, and follow-up).

Identify at least one national agency or organization that addresses the communicable disease chosen and describe how the organization(s) contributes to resolving or reducing the impact of disease.

A minimum of three references is required.

Refer to “Communicable Disease Chain” and “Chain of Infection” for assistance completing this assignment.

Prepare this assignment according to the APA guidelines found in the APA Style Guide, located in the Student Success Center.

Planning For Data Collection in Nursing Research

Data collection is an important part of both quantitative and qualitative research. Although the actual approach to gathering information may vary, for either research design, researchers need to plan in advance how the data will be gathered, reported, and stored, and they need to ensure that their methods are both reliable and valid. As nurses review research when considering a new evidence-based practice, it is important to be familiar with sound collection practices in order to ascertain the credibility of the data presented.

Consider the following scenario:

Nurses and other health care professionals are often interested in assessing patient satisfaction with health care services. Imagine that you are a nurse working in a suburban primary care setting that serves 10,000 patients annually. Your organization is very interested in understanding the patient’s point of view to help determine areas of care that can be improved. With this focus in mind, consider how you would create a survey to assess patient satisfaction with the services your organization provides. You may wish to consider variables such as the ease of accessing care, patient wait time, friendliness of the staff, or the likelihood that a patient would recommend your organization to others.

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For this Discussion, you generate questions and an overall plan for data collection that would be appropriate for a patient satisfaction survey in relation to the above scenario.

To prepare:

Review and formulate at least five questions that you could use to evaluate patient satisfaction.

Reflect on the different methods or instruments that can be used for gathering (Google this please).

Which methods or instruments would work well for the scenario? Determine an appropriate sample size for the scenario.

Question:

Post
 the questions that you created for gathering information about patient satisfaction based on the above scenario. Explain which method or instrument you would use to gather data. Describe the sample size appropriate for the population and how you would select participants. Provide a rationale for your choices, and explain how you can ensure high standard of reliability and validity.

Give a Positive Response to the following social determinants of health assignment;

Social determinants of health are related to the environment in which people live, learn, work, and play that affects a multitude of health risks and outcomes.  According to the CDC (2014), these conditions are shaped by the amount of money, power, and resources that are present and determined by policy choices. When these conditions are out of balance, living a healthy lifestyle such as a well-balanced diet, getting physical exercise, obtaining vaccines, and seeking care when ill, are challenging.  This is where community nurses knowing their resources is crucial to help support their patients with deficits.  This unequal opportunity is influenced by poverty, lack of access to health care, inadequate education, shame, and racism (CDC, 2014). Social determinants play a role in the risk of illness and a wide range of health issues including diabetes, heart disease, and obesity.  From a global standpoint, there is a vast difference in developing countries who are suffering from poverty.  “Poorer countries have higher rates of death, disease, and disability” (Maurer & Smith, 2013).  The children endure malnutrition and premature death.  Illness not seen in places like the United States are widespread in the poor nations which effects life expectancy.

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The communicable disease chain refers to infectious diseases that develop from the interaction of agent, host, and environment.  To be precise, “transmission occurs when the agent leaves its reservoir or host through a portal of exit, is conveyed by some mode of transmission, and enters through an appropriate portal of entry to infect a susceptible host” (CDC, 2012). There are many opportunities for nurses to help stop the spread of disease and provide the proper education to patients.  The first step nurses can take to stop spreading is by interrupting this chain by properly washing their hands which are a fundamental principle of infection control.  This should be performed in all required situations such as before any aseptic procedure, before and after handling any patient, touching soiled items, after using the restroom, and before and after handling food.  Other examples include assessing your patient daily for the need to continue use of a Foley catheter which is a source of infection and staying up-to-date on your vaccines.  Also, remaining at home when sick and covering a cough to avoid spreading. Social determinants of health assignment.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2012). Introduction to epidemiology. Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/ophss/csels/dsepd/ss1978/lesson1/section10.html

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2014). Social determinants of health. Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/nchhstp/socialdeterminants/faq.html

Maurer, F.A. & Smith, C.M.  (2013). Community/public health nursing practice (5th ed).  St. Louis, MO: Elsevier Saunders.

Give a positive response to the following student detecting child abuse essay

Abuse does not discriminate againts age.  Children of all ages suffer abuse and some of the most fragile are at the younger end of the spectrum.  Shcool age children often suffer from  abuse and the abuse can come in a variety of different types ranging from sexual, physical, emotionaly, and from neglect.  The most common form of abuse within this age group is neglect.  Neglect occurs when the responsible party fails to provide basic needs for the child.  This may manifest in the form of malnutrition, lack of medical care, or lack of basic needs like clothing and hygiene.  “Neglect is dangerous and can cause serious, long-term damage – even death.”  (NSPCC, 2007).

 

Warning signs may be hard to detect.  Changes in the child behavior may be evident.  The child may also seem more paranoid or easily frightened.  Often neglected children may have poor hygiene, wear dirty clothes, and have poor nutrtitional and dental health. Difficulty concentrating may also be something the neglected child suffers from.  “Some children may directly disclose that they have experienced abuse or neglect.”  (Child Welfare Information Gateway, 2013).

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When assessing a school age child a nurse should always assess for any signs and symptoms of abuse.  Physical abuse may be easily visable by bruises, broken bones, and injuruies healing at different levels.  However, many of these types of symptoms can be due to the active life of a school aged child.  Cultural practices may also be mistaken as abuse.  For example, some cultures believe in cupping and coining to ward off infection.  This can leave marks that look like abuse but are simply the cultural practices and beliefs of some people.  Often you will have to dig deeper and look for other clues and remain culturaly competent to not misdiagnose abuse.  Sexual abuse may be aparent with extreme fear and avoidance of assessment of the genitals where neglect may be aparent in the childs BMI and growth records.

 

In California all healthcare providers are mandated reporters for any suspision of abuse at any level.  I work at a hospital and we have a resource binder we access when any abuse if suspected.  We would fill out a report and fax to the appropriate agency which would be child welfare or adult protective services.  As nurses it is our responsiblility to advocate for all patients, big and small.

 

Reference:

 

NSPCC. Child Neglect. (2007).  Retrieved from:

https://www.nspcc.org.uk/preventing-abuse/child-abuse-and-neglect/neglect/

 

Child Welfare Information Gateway. What is Child Abuse and Neglect: Recognizing Signs and Symptoms. (2013).  Retrieved from:

https://www.childwelfare.gov/pubPDFs/whatiscan.pdf

Give a positive response to the following Social determinants of health nursing essay;

Health is extremely important to be able to live a long, prosperous life. Health can be influenced by many different things such as the environment, economic status, education, etc. Because children are just like adults, but smaller and with less developed organ function, their health can be very vulnerable at times. As adults, the body is already fully developed and each organ and cell in the body is able to perform at the optimal level. This is not the same for children as children are still going through the developmental stages. Their bodies are still getting developed which may make them vulnerable to certain illnesses. Their health can be influenced by the environment and economic status greatly. When looking at links to poverty and economic status, obesity could be the result from these issues.

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Obesity is a growing illness that is affecting children of all ages. Because fast food is so readily available and cheap, families will turn to this option for those reasons. Healthy food can be expensive and time consuming to produce and make, so people who are living in poverty are trying to work a lot to earn a living and they may not want to spend all of their money on healthy food because they don’t have that option. When looking at environmental influences, respiratory diseases are common among children. According to Jarvis (2015), “the relatively smaller size and immaturity of children’s pulmonary systems and the presence of parents and caregivers who smoke result in enormous vulnerability and increased risks to child health.” In the environment there is pollution that may be a hazard to many young children. Not only that, but a lot of smokers exist in the world and second hand smoking can adversely affect children as it does to adults. According to Creel (2002), indoor air pollution includes “biomass fuels, wood, animal dung, or crop residues” as outdoor air pollution is “sulfur dioxide, ozone, nitrogen oxide, carbon monoxide, and volatile organic compounds [that] come from motor vehicle exhaust, power plant emissions, open burning of solid waste, and construction.” All of these pollution lead to respiratory diseases such as asthma, lung cancer, etc. Social determinants of health nursing essay.

References

Creel, L. (2002). Children’s Environmental Health: Risks and Remedies. Retrieved from http://www.prb.org/Publications/Reports/2002/ChildrensEnvironmentalHealthRisksandRemedies.aspx

Jarvis, C. (2015). Physical Examination and Health Assessment. Retrieved from https://pageburstls.elsevier.com/#/books/9781455728107/cfi/6/2!/4/6@0.00:0.00

Give a positive response to the following social determinants of health and well-being essay;

“Poverty has a profound effect on specific circumstances, such as birth weight, infant mortality, language development, chronic illness, environmental exposure, nutrition, and injury.” (American Academy of Pediatrics, 2016, para. 1) Lack of resources, lack of access to proper healthcare, poor living conditions, lack of proper nutrition, and exposure to environmental contaminants place those children living in poverty at a much higher risk for the development of illness, injury, and even death than those living above the poverty line. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC, 2017) on their webpage for Children’s Environmental Health point out that environmental risk factors and contaminants impact the health of children much more than adults. Reasons for the higher risk for children include their bodies require more air, nutrients, and water than adults in relationship to their body weight thus increasing their exposure. (CDC, 2017) They are also still growing and developing and may not be able to deal with or eliminate harmful contaminants that enter their bodies as their immune systems are not as fully developed as adults. (CDC, 2017)

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There is growing research that shows that childhood poverty “is associated with neuroendocrine dysregulation that may alter brain function and may contribute to the development of chronic cardiovascular, immune, and psychiatric disorders.” (American Academy of Pediatrics, 2016, para. 2) Since children are exposed to some of these environmental contaminants at such a young age, as well as over a longer period of time, it places these children at a much higher risk for developing health issues than adults exposed to the same contaminants. (CDC, 2017) An example of a health issue related to environmental contaminants are indoor pollutants which are a leading cause of respiratory infections in children and these infections place them at a much higher risk of childhood illness and mortality. (Creel, 2002) Continued exposure to such contaminants only further harm these children leading to long-term negative health issues. Social determinants of health and well-being essay.

 

American Academy of Pediatrics. (2016). Poverty and child health in the United States. Retrieved from http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/early/2016/03/07/peds.2016-0339

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2017). Children’s environmental health. Retrieved from https://ephtracking.cdc.gov/showChildEHMain.action

Creel, L. (2002). Children’s environmental health: Risks and remedies. Retrieved from http://www.prb.org/Publications/Reports/2002/ChildrensEnvironmentalHealthRisksandRemedies.aspx

Give a Positive Response to the following Social Determinants of Health Nursing Essay

Social determinants of health, according to Healthy People 2020, is defined as ways to promote good health to individuals by creating healthy social and physical environments. Some examples are: air and water free of pollution, healthy choices such as being smoke-free, and consuming healthy foods daily. Unfortunately, there are many factors to consider when attempting this. According to the CDC, education, early childhood development, type of career and ability to maintain the job, access to health services and income are just a few of the factors that play a part in an individual’s, or family’s, ability to stay healthy. When looking specifically at the social determinants, availability of medical care, social or societal characteristics and total ecology are the three factors that are the most important.  Unfortunately, the social determinants of health can contribute to illness development. If a family does not have adequate health insurance from their place of employment due to the family member being in the probationary period of their career, the family may decide not to take a child to a physician which could results in further illness if not treated, and additional problems as the child ages.

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     According to the CDC, a communicable disease chain is composed of 6 components: an infectious agent, a reservoir, a portal of exit, mode of transmission, a portal of entry and a susceptible host. Luckily, if one of the links of the chain is broken, an infection will not be spread, making it feasible for the nurse to break the chain. Primary prevention is the first way to prevent infection which can be done with handwashing. However, for patients that are already ill, the first and foremost way to break the chain is using the necessary precautions in the hospital setting. For instance, if a patient is hospitalized with pneumonia, the nurse should always be wearing a mask when entering the patient’s room to ensure the nurse does not have a portal of entry available for the bacteria to travel. Same goes for a patient admitted with diarrhea. Ensuring the nurse is utilizing the gown and gloves is essential to stopping that chain of disease.

 

Social Determinants of Health Nursing Essay References:

Healthy People 2020. Retrieved from: https://www.healthypeople.gov/2020/topics-objectives/topic/social-determinants-of-health

The Center for Disease Control. Retrieved from: https://www.cdc.gov/nchhstp/socialdeterminants/faq.html

Review the Intelligent Hospital Pavilion ICU video at 
https://youtu.be/V42yuH4xmyQ
. Write a paper in which you identify and describe elements that you feel are of benefit or risk to both patients and nurses. Explain the benefits/risks and why you do or do not support this type of available technology. Your paper should be a minimum of three pages and written in APA format with at least two outside credible references.

Content and Critical Analysis

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64 (64%) – 80 (80%)

Presents an exemplary articulation and insightful analysis of significant concepts and/or technology related risks/benefits encountered throughout the video. Ideas are professionally sound and creative; they are supported by scientific evidence that is credible and timely. Explains support or lack of support for examples of technology discussed.

Mechanics

 

12 (12%) – 15 (15%)

Answers are well written. Information is well organized and clearly communicated. Assignment is free of spelling and grammatical errors.

 

APA Format

 

4 (4%) – 5 (5%)

Follows all the requirements related to format, length, source citations, and layout.