Tag: Clinical-Nursing

Give a positive response to the following Child abuse and maltreatment essay assignment by a student;

Child abuse and maltreatment is a common occurrence in the United States there for it remains very important as nurses to be able to recognize the signs and symptoms of possible abuse. According to American Academy of Pediatrics, approximately three million cases of child abuse and neglect are reported each year, with the majority of cases being neglect followed by physical and sexual abuse (AAP, 2017). Some statistics show that the highest rate of fatal child abuse occurs in children 0-4 years of age commonly caused by head injuries, then suffocation and abdominal injuries (WHO, 2002). These young children are most vulnerable to physical abuse most likely by a family member or someone close to them. It is not always an easy task to recognize when a child has been abused or neglected due to either fear, the abuser was a loved one, or the child thinks they will be blamed or no one will believe them. This is where us nurses come in by being able to recognize the signs without being verbally told, and be able to understand that there are no specific signs that point to specific types of abuse. There can be physical signs, such as any injuries that have no explanation, genital pain or bleeding out of the norm; behavioral changes such as fearful behaviors for no reason, bedwetting, extreme sexual behavior, changes in self-confidence, physical complaints with no medical causes, education issues, passive or aggressive behaviors out of the norm, weight changes, and social withdraw(AAP,2017). Most times children do not come out and report abuse, so being diligent in an assessment, asking the right questions and making this children feel safe and comfortable will be important in getting them proper treatment as soon as possible in cases of suspected abuse. Child abuse and maltreatment comes with a great amount of long term emotional damage that can be detrimental to their wellbeing as adults. Some cultures practice differently than others and how they treat children can often be seen in Western Medicine as abusive behavior such as cao gio which is performed in some Southeast Asian cultures (Davis, 2000). This method of dermabrasion is used to treat wind diseases by rubbing or pinching the skin to bring bad blood to the surface of the skin which allows bad wind to escape from the body of the sick (Davis, 2000). This is often performed on the back, shoulders, chest, temples and forehead often leaving large bruises or extreme redness that can often look like signs of child abuse.

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As a nurse, it is my responsibility to report suspected child abuse appropriately, only after I have gathered as much information as possible. I must be very confident I believe the signs I am assessing have come from child abuse or neglect before reporting my findings to the local department of social services or the Child Abuse and Neglect Hotline. There is a list of local departments of social services, addresses and phone numbers for the Virginia area available at http://www.dss.virginia.gov/localagency (VDSS, n.d.). I will be asked to provide as much information as possible in order for a CPS worker to investigate further. I, as the nurse of this child, have a legal and ethical responsibility to report suspected abuse to local social services to ensure this abuse does not go on and prevent future abuse and neglect cases for this child. Child abuse and maltreatment essay assignment.

American Academy of Pediatrics. (2017). What to Know About Child Abuse. Retrieved from https://www.healthychildren.org/English/safety-prevention/at-home/Pages/What-to-Know-about-Child-Abuse.aspx

Davis, R. E. (2000). International scene: Cultural health care or child abuse? the southeast asian practice of cao gio. Journal of the American Academy of Nurse Practitioners, 12(3), 89. Retrieved from https://lopes.idm.oclc.org/login?url=https://search-proquest-com.lopes.idm.oclc.org/docview/212880211?accountid=7374

Virginia Department of Social Services (VDSS) (n.d.). A Guide for Mandated Reporters in Recognizing and Reporting Child Abuse and Neglect. Retrieved from https://www.dss.virginia.gov/files/division/dfs/cps/intro_page/publications/general/B032-02-0280-00-eng.pdf

World Health Organization. (2002). Child Abuse and Neglect. Retrieved from http://www.who.int/violence_injury_prevention/violence/world_report/factsheets/en/childabusefacts.pdf

Give a Positive Response to the following social determinants of health assignment;

Social determinants of health are related to the environment in which people live, learn, work, and play that affects a multitude of health risks and outcomes.  According to the CDC (2014), these conditions are shaped by the amount of money, power, and resources that are present and determined by policy choices. When these conditions are out of balance, living a healthy lifestyle such as a well-balanced diet, getting physical exercise, obtaining vaccines, and seeking care when ill, are challenging.  This is where community nurses knowing their resources is crucial to help support their patients with deficits.  This unequal opportunity is influenced by poverty, lack of access to health care, inadequate education, shame, and racism (CDC, 2014). Social determinants play a role in the risk of illness and a wide range of health issues including diabetes, heart disease, and obesity.  From a global standpoint, there is a vast difference in developing countries who are suffering from poverty.  “Poorer countries have higher rates of death, disease, and disability” (Maurer & Smith, 2013).  The children endure malnutrition and premature death.  Illness not seen in places like the United States are widespread in the poor nations which effects life expectancy.

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The communicable disease chain refers to infectious diseases that develop from the interaction of agent, host, and environment.  To be precise, “transmission occurs when the agent leaves its reservoir or host through a portal of exit, is conveyed by some mode of transmission, and enters through an appropriate portal of entry to infect a susceptible host” (CDC, 2012). There are many opportunities for nurses to help stop the spread of disease and provide the proper education to patients.  The first step nurses can take to stop spreading is by interrupting this chain by properly washing their hands which are a fundamental principle of infection control.  This should be performed in all required situations such as before any aseptic procedure, before and after handling any patient, touching soiled items, after using the restroom, and before and after handling food.  Other examples include assessing your patient daily for the need to continue use of a Foley catheter which is a source of infection and staying up-to-date on your vaccines.  Also, remaining at home when sick and covering a cough to avoid spreading. Social determinants of health assignment.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2012). Introduction to epidemiology. Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/ophss/csels/dsepd/ss1978/lesson1/section10.html

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2014). Social determinants of health. Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/nchhstp/socialdeterminants/faq.html

Maurer, F.A. & Smith, C.M.  (2013). Community/public health nursing practice (5th ed).  St. Louis, MO: Elsevier Saunders.

Give a positive response to the following student detecting child abuse essay

Abuse does not discriminate againts age.  Children of all ages suffer abuse and some of the most fragile are at the younger end of the spectrum.  Shcool age children often suffer from  abuse and the abuse can come in a variety of different types ranging from sexual, physical, emotionaly, and from neglect.  The most common form of abuse within this age group is neglect.  Neglect occurs when the responsible party fails to provide basic needs for the child.  This may manifest in the form of malnutrition, lack of medical care, or lack of basic needs like clothing and hygiene.  “Neglect is dangerous and can cause serious, long-term damage – even death.”  (NSPCC, 2007).

Warning signs may be hard to detect.  Changes in the child behavior may be evident.  The child may also seem more paranoid or easily frightened.  Often neglected children may have poor hygiene, wear dirty clothes, and have poor nutrtitional and dental health. Difficulty concentrating may also be something the neglected child suffers from.  “Some children may directly disclose that they have experienced abuse or neglect.”  (Child Welfare Information Gateway, 2013).

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When assessing a school age child a nurse should always assess for any signs and symptoms of abuse.  Physical abuse may be easily visable by bruises, broken bones, and injuruies healing at different levels.  However, many of these types of symptoms can be due to the active life of a school aged child.  Cultural practices may also be mistaken as abuse.  For example, some cultures believe in cupping and coining to ward off infection.  This can leave marks that look like abuse but are simply the cultural practices and beliefs of some people.  Often you will have to dig deeper and look for other clues and remain culturaly competent to not misdiagnose abuse.  Sexual abuse may be aparent with extreme fear and avoidance of assessment of the genitals where neglect may be aparent in the childs BMI and growth records.

In California all healthcare providers are mandated reporters for any suspision of abuse at any level.  I work at a hospital and we have a resource binder we access when any abuse if suspected.  We would fill out a report and fax to the appropriate agency which would be child welfare or adult protective services.  As nurses it is our responsiblility to advocate for all patients, big and small.

Reference:

NSPCC. Child Neglect. (2007).  Retrieved from:

https://www.nspcc.org.uk/preventing-abuse/child-abuse-and-neglect/neglect/

Child Welfare Information Gateway. What is Child Abuse and Neglect: Recognizing Signs and Symptoms. (2013).  Retrieved from:

https://www.childwelfare.gov/pubPDFs/whatiscan.pdf

Give a positive response to the following Social determinants of health nursing essay;

Health is extremely important to be able to live a long, prosperous life. Health can be influenced by many different things such as the environment, economic status, education, etc. Because children are just like adults, but smaller and with less developed organ function, their health can be very vulnerable at times. As adults, the body is already fully developed and each organ and cell in the body is able to perform at the optimal level. This is not the same for children as children are still going through the developmental stages. Their bodies are still getting developed which may make them vulnerable to certain illnesses. Their health can be influenced by the environment and economic status greatly. When looking at links to poverty and economic status, obesity could be the result from these issues.

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Obesity is a growing illness that is affecting children of all ages. Because fast food is so readily available and cheap, families will turn to this option for those reasons. Healthy food can be expensive and time consuming to produce and make, so people who are living in poverty are trying to work a lot to earn a living and they may not want to spend all of their money on healthy food because they don’t have that option. When looking at environmental influences, respiratory diseases are common among children. According to Jarvis (2015), “the relatively smaller size and immaturity of children’s pulmonary systems and the presence of parents and caregivers who smoke result in enormous vulnerability and increased risks to child health.” In the environment there is pollution that may be a hazard to many young children. Not only that, but a lot of smokers exist in the world and second hand smoking can adversely affect children as it does to adults. According to Creel (2002), indoor air pollution includes “biomass fuels, wood, animal dung, or crop residues” as outdoor air pollution is “sulfur dioxide, ozone, nitrogen oxide, carbon monoxide, and volatile organic compounds [that] come from motor vehicle exhaust, power plant emissions, open burning of solid waste, and construction.” All of these pollution lead to respiratory diseases such as asthma, lung cancer, etc. Social determinants of health nursing essay.

References

Creel, L. (2002). Children’s Environmental Health: Risks and Remedies. Retrieved from http://www.prb.org/Publications/Reports/2002/ChildrensEnvironmentalHealthRisksandRemedies.aspx

Jarvis, C. (2015). Physical Examination and Health Assessment. Retrieved from https://pageburstls.elsevier.com/#/books/9781455728107/cfi/6/2!/4/6@0.00:0.00

Give a positive response to the following social determinants of health and well-being essay;

“Poverty has a profound effect on specific circumstances, such as birth weight, infant mortality, language development, chronic illness, environmental exposure, nutrition, and injury.” (American Academy of Pediatrics, 2016, para. 1) Lack of resources, lack of access to proper healthcare, poor living conditions, lack of proper nutrition, and exposure to environmental contaminants place those children living in poverty at a much higher risk for the development of illness, injury, and even death than those living above the poverty line. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC, 2017) on their webpage for Children’s Environmental Health point out that environmental risk factors and contaminants impact the health of children much more than adults. Reasons for the higher risk for children include their bodies require more air, nutrients, and water than adults in relationship to their body weight thus increasing their exposure. (CDC, 2017) They are also still growing and developing and may not be able to deal with or eliminate harmful contaminants that enter their bodies as their immune systems are not as fully developed as adults. (CDC, 2017)

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There is growing research that shows that childhood poverty “is associated with neuroendocrine dysregulation that may alter brain function and may contribute to the development of chronic cardiovascular, immune, and psychiatric disorders.” (American Academy of Pediatrics, 2016, para. 2) Since children are exposed to some of these environmental contaminants at such a young age, as well as over a longer period of time, it places these children at a much higher risk for developing health issues than adults exposed to the same contaminants. (CDC, 2017) An example of a health issue related to environmental contaminants are indoor pollutants which are a leading cause of respiratory infections in children and these infections place them at a much higher risk of childhood illness and mortality. (Creel, 2002) Continued exposure to such contaminants only further harm these children leading to long-term negative health issues. Social determinants of health and well-being essay.

American Academy of Pediatrics. (2016). Poverty and child health in the United States. Retrieved from http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/early/2016/03/07/peds.2016-0339

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2017). Children’s environmental health. Retrieved from https://ephtracking.cdc.gov/showChildEHMain.action

Creel, L. (2002). Children’s environmental health: Risks and remedies. Retrieved from http://www.prb.org/Publications/Reports/2002/ChildrensEnvironmentalHealthRisksandRemedies.aspx

Give a Positive Response to the following Social Determinants of Health Nursing Essay

Social determinants of health, according to Healthy People 2020, is defined as ways to promote good health to individuals by creating healthy social and physical environments. Some examples are: air and water free of pollution, healthy choices such as being smoke-free, and consuming healthy foods daily. Unfortunately, there are many factors to consider when attempting this. According to the CDC, education, early childhood development, type of career and ability to maintain the job, access to health services and income are just a few of the factors that play a part in an individual’s, or family’s, ability to stay healthy. When looking specifically at the social determinants, availability of medical care, social or societal characteristics and total ecology are the three factors that are the most important.  Unfortunately, the social determinants of health can contribute to illness development. If a family does not have adequate health insurance from their place of employment due to the family member being in the probationary period of their career, the family may decide not to take a child to a physician which could results in further illness if not treated, and additional problems as the child ages.

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     According to the CDC, a communicable disease chain is composed of 6 components: an infectious agent, a reservoir, a portal of exit, mode of transmission, a portal of entry and a susceptible host. Luckily, if one of the links of the chain is broken, an infection will not be spread, making it feasible for the nurse to break the chain. Primary prevention is the first way to prevent infection which can be done with handwashing. However, for patients that are already ill, the first and foremost way to break the chain is using the necessary precautions in the hospital setting. For instance, if a patient is hospitalized with pneumonia, the nurse should always be wearing a mask when entering the patient’s room to ensure the nurse does not have a portal of entry available for the bacteria to travel. Same goes for a patient admitted with diarrhea. Ensuring the nurse is utilizing the gown and gloves is essential to stopping that chain of disease.

Social Determinants of Health Nursing Essay References:

Healthy People 2020. Retrieved from: https://www.healthypeople.gov/2020/topics-objectives/topic/social-determinants-of-health

The Center for Disease Control. Retrieved from: https://www.cdc.gov/nchhstp/socialdeterminants/faq.html

Review the Intelligent Hospital Pavilion ICU video at 
https://youtu.be/V42yuH4xmyQ
. Write a paper in which you identify and describe elements that you feel are of benefit or risk to both patients and nurses. Explain the benefits/risks and why you do or do not support this type of available technology. Your paper should be a minimum of three pages and written in APA format with at least two outside credible references.

Content and Critical Analysis

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64 (64%) – 80 (80%)

Presents an exemplary articulation and insightful analysis of significant concepts and/or technology related risks/benefits encountered throughout the video. Ideas are professionally sound and creative; they are supported by scientific evidence that is credible and timely. Explains support or lack of support for examples of technology discussed.

Mechanics

12 (12%) – 15 (15%)

Answers are well written. Information is well organized and clearly communicated. Assignment is free of spelling and grammatical errors.

APA Format

4 (4%) – 5 (5%)

Follows all the requirements related to format, length, source citations, and layout.

Analysis of significant concepts and/or technology related risks/benefits essay

Review the Intelligent Hospital Pavilion ICU video at 
https://youtu.be/V42yuH4xmyQ
. Write a paper in which you identify and describe elements that you feel are of benefit or risk to both patients and nurses. Explain the benefits/risks and why you do or do not support this type of available technology. Your paper should be a minimum of three pages and written in APA format with at least two outside credible references.

Content and Critical Analysis

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64 (64%) – 80 (80%)

Presents an exemplary articulation and insightful analysis of significant concepts and/or technology related risks/benefits encountered throughout the video. Ideas are professionally sound and creative; they are supported by scientific evidence that is credible and timely. Explains support or lack of support for examples of technology discussed.

Mechanics

12 (12%) – 15 (15%)

Answers are well written. Information is well organized and clearly communicated. Assignment is free of spelling and grammatical errors.

APA Format

4 (4%) – 5 (5%)

Follows all the requirements related to format, length, source citations, and layout.

Give a Positive Response to the following Social determinant of health essay;

Social determinant of health are the conditions in which people are born, live, work, and age that affect health. (Healthy people 2020, 2011).  For example, a person born into poor family and a poor community may be expose to poor sanitation, no proper education, no medical health care provided. In the 19 th  century, outbreaks of infectious diseases such as typhoid, cholera and tuberculosis swept through crowded urban slums. The cause of the outbreaks was link to filthy and substandard living condition. (Healthy people 2020, 2011)   Health is determined in part by access to social and economic opportunities; the resources and support available in the community, the cleanliness of water, food and air, education, housing status, how much money a person earn and access to health care. Healthy people 2020 is emphasizing for communities to create social and physical environments that promote good health for all.

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Communicable disease chain is an infectious disease transmissible from one  person to  another  by direct contact with an affected individual. There are 6 links in which the infection can be transmitted which are the host, Agent, Reservoir, mode of escape, mode of transmission, mode of entry. By breaking this chain at any of the links, the spread of infection is stopped.

There are steps the nurse can take to break a link within the communicable disease by implementing standard precaution and infection control precaution. For example, a patient with infected wound  ( MRSA) . The nurse can prevent outbreak by proper technique of hand washing, use personal protective equipment, enhancing environmental cleaning and disinfection, proper handling and disposal of wound dressings.

References

Social Determinant of healthy| healthy people 2020 , 2011  retrieved from www.healthypeople.gov>2020  topics and objectives.

Concepts on communicable disease  (n.d   ) retrieved from www.chp.gov.hk/files/pdf/guidelines_on_prevention_of  _communiable disease

Give a Positive Response to the following on Health Care Delivery Systems and HIV and AIDS Fight;

One significant global issue is HIV and AIDS that has affected 33.3 million adults and children who are living and infected with this disease worldwide. (Maurer & Smith, 2013).  Unfortunately, many people do not wish to know the results of testing or share their HIV status with at-risk partners skewing the true numbers.  According to Maurer & Smith (2013), the United States has 1.7 million people alone living with this disease and over 617,000 who have died of AIDS with it being the third leading cause of death in African-Americans aged 25-45. However, there has been some decline due to prevention efforts and the large-scale use of antiretroviral therapies helping to give those with HIV more productive lives. But, as the number of people living with HIV increases, the need to push for national HIV prevention and health care programs is essential along with improving access to quality healthcare.

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Health care delivery systems can work together to help fight HIV and AIDS by sharing information, resources, and funding to help make a difference and end health disparities.  A great example is the World Health Organization (WHO).  They provide health care services and technical support to mostly poor countries and works like the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention does for the United States.  The WHO guides and organizes international health projects, collaborates with other organizations and agencies in healthcare programs, and watches the conditions worldwide on disease conditions while providing reports. (Maurer & Smith, 2013).  Improving global health together can be achieved more effectively working as one versus in silos.

Maurer, F.A. & Smith, C.M.  (2013). Community/public health nursing practice (5th ed.). St. Louis, MO: Elsevier Saunders.