Tag: Clinical-Nursing

How to Critique in nursing Research

Research Critique

To write a critical appraisal that demonstrates comprehension of the research study conducted, and respond to each of the action itemslisted under the headings below. Successful completion of this assignment requires that you provide a rationale,include examples, or reference content from the study in your response.

CRITICAL APPRAISAL GUIDELINES: QUANTITATIVE STUDY

Introduction of How to Critique in nursing Research

• Develop a topic sentence in which you will define the purpose of the Research Critique, Part 2

• Formulate a thesis statement which briefly provides a broad indication of your point of view in composing this assignment.

• Include a summary outline to describe the organization and main topics you will include in the body paragraphs of the assignments (see below sections).

Protection of Human Participants

• Identify the benefits and risks of participation addressed by the authors. Were there benefits or risks the authors do not identify?

• Was informed consent obtained from the subjects or participants?

• Did it seem that the subjects participated voluntarily in the study?

• Was institutional review board approval obtained from the agency in which the study was conducted?

Data Collection on How to Critique in nursing Research

• Are the major variables (independent and dependent variables) identified and defined? What were these variables?

• How were data collected in this study?

• What rationale did the author provide for using this data collection method?

• Identify the time period for data collection of the study.

• Describe the sequence of data collection events for a participant.

Data Management and Analysis on How to Critique in nursing Research

• Describe the data management and analysis methods used in the study.

• Did the author discuss how the rigor of the process was assured? For example, does the author describe maintaining a paper trail of critical decisions that were made during the analysis of the data? Was statistical software used to ensure accuracy of the analysis?

• What measures were used to minimize the effects of researcher bias (their experiences and perspectives)? For example, did two researchers independently analyze the data and compare their analyses?

Findings / Interpretation of Findings: Implications for Practice and Future Research

• What is the researcher’s interpretation of findings?

• Are the findings valid or an accurate reflection of reality? Do you have confidence in the findings?

• What limitations of the study were identified by researchers?

• Was there a coherent logic to the presentation of findings?

• What implications do the findings have for nursing practice? For example, can the study findings be applied to general nursing practice, to a specific population, to a specific area of nursing?

• What suggestions are made for further studies?

Conclusion on how to critique in nursing Research

• Emphasize the importance and congruity of the thesis statement

• Provide a logical wrap-up to bring the appraisal to completion and to leave a lasting impression and take-away points useful in nursing practice.

• Incorporate a critical appraisal and a brief analysis of the utility and applicability of the findings to nursing practice.

• Integrate asummary of the knowledge learned.

Reference

Burns, N., & Grove, S. (2011). Understanding Nursing Research (5thed.). Elsevier. ISBN-13: 9781437707502

How to Prepare Evidence-Based Practice Presentation

This is a Collaborative Learning Community (CLC) assignment on Evidence-Based Practice Presentation.

Choose a nursing problem from your current practice setting, and identify a possible solution to that problem.( we choose Nurse to Patient Ratio as a problem)

Conduct a search of the literature related to this problem.

Analyze and critically appraise evidence-based literature to support the solution to the identified problem. A minimum of six peer-reviewed articles must be identified. These can be the same articles from the previous selected literature review or a mixture of new and previous articles. This may also include guidelines from the National Guideline Clearing house, Joanna Briggs Institute, or a review from the Cochrane Database of Systematic Review.

Include the following components into the presentation:

Present the nursing practice problem with the PICOT question. Discuss your appraisal of the literature that addresses the problem. Present the proposed practice changes from an integration of the findings.

While APA format is not required for the body of this assignment, solid academic writing is expected and in-text citations and references should be presented using APA documentation guidelines, which can be found in the APA Style Guide, located in the Student Success Center.

This How to Prepare Evidence-Based Practice Presentation assignment uses a rubric. Please review the rubric prior to beginning the assignment to become familiar with the expectations for successful completion.

You are not required to submit this How to Prepare Evidence-Based Practice Presentation assignment to Turnitin. Takes 3 articles-( on the topic or problem Nurse to patient Ratio) discuss the literature and propose practice changes.

The PICOT statement will provide a framework for your capstone project (the project students must complete during their final course in the RN-BSN program of study).

Review the PICOT article “Evidence-Based Practice, Step by Step: Asking the Clinical Question: A Key Step in Evidence-Based Practice” along with the ” Using Research in Evidence-Based Nursing Practice” PowerPoint resource.

The first step of the EBP process is to develop a question from the practice problem you drafted in Topic 1. Start with the patient and identify the clinical problems or issues that arise from clinical care. Consider the research and writing you completed in Topics 1-4.

Following the PICOT format, write a PICOT statement in an area of interest to you, which is applicable to your proposed capstone project.

APA format is not required, but solid academic writing is expected.

This assignment uses a rubric. Please review the rubric prior to beginning the assignment to become familiar with the expectations for successful completion.

Using Research in Evidence-Based Practice Nursing

Using Research Evidence Based Nursing Practice

Research Utilization Versus Evidence-Based Practice

Research utilization (RU)

The use of study findings in a practical application unrelated to the original research

Evidence-based practice (EBP)

Basing clinical decisions on best possible evidence—especially high-quality research

Developing an implementation plan

Consider the population in which the solution is intended, the staff that will participate, and the key contributors that must provide approval and/or support for your project to be implemented. These stakeholders are considered your audience. Develop an implementation plan (1,500-2,000 words) using the “Topic 3: Checklist” resource. The elements that should be included in your plan are listed below: 1. Method of obtaining necessary approval(s) and securing support from your organization’s leadership and fellow staff. 2. Description of current problem, issue, or deficit requiring a change. Hint: If you are proposing a change in current policy, process, or procedure(s) when delivering patient care, describe first the current policy, process, or procedure as a baseline for comparison. 3. Detailed explanation of proposed solution (new policy, process, procedure, or education to address the problem/deficit). 4. Rationale for selecting proposed solution. 5. Evidence from your Review of Literature in Topic 2 to support your proposed solution and reason for change. 6. Description of implementation logistics (When and how will the change be integrated into the current organizational structure, culture, and workflow? Who will be responsible for initiating the change, educating staff, and overseeing the implementation process?) 7. Resources required for implementation: staff; educational materials (pamphlets, handouts, posters, and PowerPoint presentations); assessment tools (questionnaires, surveys, pre- and post-tests to assess knowledge of participants at baseline and after intervention); technology (technology or software needs); funds (cost of educating staff, printing or producing educational materials, gathering and analyzing data before, during, and following implementation), and staff to initiate, oversee, and evaluate change. Prepare this assignment according to the APA guidelines found in the APA Style Guide, located in the Student Success Center. An abstract is not required. You are required to submit this assignment to Turnitin. Please refer to the directions in the Student Success Center.

ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE (ANOVA)

STATISTICAL TECHNIQUE IN REVIEW

An analysis of variance (ANOVA) statistical technique is conducted to examine differences between two or more groups. There are different types of ANOVA, with the most basic being the one-way ANOVA, which is used to analyze data in studies with one independent and one dependent variable. More details on the types of ANOVA can be found in your research textbook and statistical texts (Burns & Grove, 2005; Munro, 2001). The outcome of ANOVA is a numerical value for the F statistic. The calculated F-ratio from ANOVA indicates the extent to which group means differ, taking into account the variability within the groups. Assuming the null hypothesis of no difference among groups is true; the probability of obtaining an F-ratio as large or larger than that obtained in the given sample is indicated by the calculated p value. For example, if p = 0.0002, this indicates that the probability of obtaining a result like this in future studies is rare, and one may conclude that group differences exist and the null hypothesis is rejected. However, there is always a possibility that this decision is in error, and the probability of committing this Type I error is determined by the alpha (α) set for the study, which is usually 0.05 that is smaller in health care studies and occasionally 0.01.

ANOVA is similar to the t-test since the null hypothesis (no differences between groups) is rejected when the analysis yields a smaller p value, such as p ≤ 0.05, than the alpha set for the study. Assumptions for the ANOVA statistical technique include:

1. normal distribution of the populations from which the samples were drawn or random samples;

2. groups should be mutually exclusive;

3. groups should have equal variance or homogeneity of variance;

4. independence of observations;

5. dependent variable is measured at least at the interval level (Burns & Grove, 2005; Munro, 2001).

Researchers who perform ANOVA on their data record their results in an ANOVA summary table or in the text of a research article. An example of how an ANOVA result is commonly expressed is:

F(1, 343) = 15.46, p < 0.001 Where: F is the statistic 1 is the group degrees of freedom (df) calculated by K − 1, where K = number of groups in the study. In this example, K − 1 = 2 − 1 = 1. 343 is the error degrees of freedom (df) that is calculated based upon the number of participants or N − K. In this example, 345 subjects − 2 groups = 343 error df. 15.46 is the F ratio or value p indicates the significance of the F ratio in this study or p< 0.001. There are different types of ANOVA, but the focus of these analysis techniques is on examining differences between two or more groups. The simplest is the one-way ANOVA, but many of the studies in the literature include more complex ANOVA techniques. A commonly used ANOVA technique is the repeated-measures analysis of variance, which is used to analyze data from studies where the same variable(s) is (are) repeatedly measured over time on a group or groups of subjects. The intent is to determine the change that occurs over time in the dependent variable(s) with exposure to the independent treatment variable(s). RESEARCH ARTICLE Source: Baird, C. L., & Sands, L. (2004). A pilot study of the effectiveness of guided imagery with progressive muscle relaxation to reduce chronic pain and mobility difficulties of osteoarthritis. Pain Management Nursing, 5 (3), 97–104. Introduction “Osteoarthritis (OA) is a common, chronic condition that affects most older adults. Adults with OA must deal with pain that leads to limited mobility and may lead to disability and difficulty maintaining independence” (Baird & Sands, 2004, p. 97). Baird and Sands (2004) conducted a longitudinal, randomized clinical trial pilot study “to determine whether Guided Imagery (GI) with Progressive Muscle Relaxation (PMR) would reduce pain and mobility difficulties of women with OA” (Baird & Sands, 2004, p. 97). The sample included 28 women over 65: 18 women were randomly assigned to the intervention group, and 10 were randomly assigned to the control group. “The treatment consisted of listening twice a day to a 10-to-15 minute audiotaped script that guided the women in GI with PMR. Repeated measures ANOVA revealed a significant difference between the two groups in the amount of change in pain and mobility difficulties they experienced over 12 weeks. The treatment group reported a significant reduction in pain and mobility difficulties at week 12 compared to the control group. Members of the control group reported no differences in pain and nonsignificant increases in mobility difficulties. The results of this pilot study justify further investigation of the effectiveness of GI with PMR as a self-management intervention to reduce pain and mobility difficulties associated with OA” (Baird & Sands, 2004, p. 97). Relevant Study Results “Repeated-measures ANOVA revealed a significant difference between the two groups in how much change in pain they experienced for 12 weeks (F[1, 26] = 4.406, p = 0.046). The 17 participants in the intervention group reported a significant reduction in pain (p< 0.001) at week 12 compared to the control group, whose members reported no change in their pain at week 12 (see Figure 1)” (Baird & Sands, 2004, p. 100). FIGURE 1 Change in pain over 12 weeks. Pain was significantly less in the guided imagery intervention group (p = .046). Baird, C. L., & Sands, L. (2004). A pilot study of the effectiveness of guided imagery with progressive muscle relaxation to reduce chronic pain and mobility difficulties of osteoarthritis. Pain Management Nursing, 5 (3), p. 101. Copyright © 2004, with permission from the American Society for Pain Management Nursing. “Repeated-measures ANOVA revealed a significant difference between the two groups in how much change in mobility the women experienced over the 12 weeks (F(1, 22)= 9.619, p = 0.005). The participants in the intervention group reported a significant reduction in mobility difficulty at week 12 (p< 0.001). In contrast, those in the control group actually had increases in mobility difficulty at week 12, although these increases did not reach statistical significance (see Figure 2)” (Baird & Sands, 2004, p. 101). FIGURE 2 Change in mobility difficulties over 12 weeks. Mobility difficulties were significantly less in the guided imagery intervention group (p = .005). Baird, C. L., & Sands, L. (2004). A pilot study of the effectiveness of guided imagery with progressive muscle relaxation to reduce chronic pain and mobility difficulties of osteoarthritis. Pain Management Nursing, 5 (3), p. 101. Copyright © 2004, with permission from the American Society for Pain Management Nursing. ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE (ANOVA) STUDY QUESTIONS 1. What type of analysis was conducted in this study? Was this analysis technique appropriate? Provide a rationale for your answer. 2. According to Figure 1, at which time was the average pain score for the guided imagery group most similar to the control group? Discuss the importance of this finding. 3. Discuss what each aspect of this result means: F(1, 26) = 4.406, p = 0.046. 4. Is the change in the pain scores after 12 weeks of guided imagery statistically significant for the intervention group? If yes, at what probability? 5. State the null hypothesis for the effect of guided imagery on pain scores for the subjects in the treatment group at 12 weeks. Should this null hypothesis be accepted or rejected? Provide a rationale for your answer. 6. How many means are being compared for the pain scores at 12 weeks? 7. What did the researcher set the level of significance or alpha (α) at for this study? When will study results be considered significant? 8. The researchers do not report the standard deviations associated with the means. Would you be interested in knowing the standard deviations? Provide a rationale for your answer. ANSWERS TO STUDY QUESTIONS 1. A repeated-measures ANOVA was conducted to examine differences between the intervention group, receiving the treatment of GI and the control group over 12 weeks. The groups were examined for differences for the dependent variables of pain and mobility over the 12-week time period. The repeated-measures ANOVA was appropriate since the focus was on examining group differences over time. In addition, the groups were independent due to random group assignment, and the dependent variables (pain and mobility) were measured at least at the interval level of measurement. 2. According to Figure 1, the average pain scores for the guided imagery intervention group and the control group were most similar at baseline. This is what the researchers would hope for, since they had a sample of 28 subjects who were randomly assigned to the treatment and control groups to promote similarity of the groups at the start of the study. Thus if a change occurred between the two groups during the study, it is assumed it is due to the treatment and not because the groups were different at the start of the study. 3. F(1, 26)= 4.406, p = 0.046, where F is the statistic for ANOVA and the group df = 1 and the error df = 26. The F ratio or value = 4.406, which is significant at p = 0.046 4. Yes, F(1, 26)= 4.406, p = 0.046 is statistically significant at p = 0.046. The level of significance for this study was set at α = 0.05, and since p is < this value, the study results are statistically significant. 5. The null hypothesis is: Women with OA receiving guided imagery have no greater improvement in their pain scores than those in the control group at 12 weeks. The study results indicated a significant improvement in the pain scores of women with OA who received the treatment of guided imagery (F(1, 26)= 4.406, p = 0.046). Thus, the null hypothesis was rejected. 6. Two means are being compared at 12 weeks. The mean of the control group and the mean of the guided imagery group for pain are being compared at 12 weeks. 7. The researchers set the level of significance or alpha (α) = 0.05, which means that any results with a p (probability) of ≤ 0.05 will be considered significant. 8. Answers may vary, but it would be helpful to include the standard deviations with the means since the standard deviations indicate the spread of the scores for the two groups. The standard deviations for the treatment and control groups also are needed to calculate the effect size or the effect of the treatment in a study. The effect size is needed to conduct a power analysis to predict the sample size needed for future studies. In addition, if the results from this study were to be combined with the results from other studies, the means and standard deviations for the treatment and control groups are needed to conduct a meta-analysis to combine study results to determine current knowledge in an area. In summary, it is helpful to report all means and standard deviations for study variables whether the results are significant or nonsignificant, because they are valuable to consider in conducting future research and meta-analyses. Name:____________________________________________ Class: ____________________ Date: _________________________________________________________________________________ ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE (ANOVA) Questions to be Graded 1. The researchers found a significant difference between the two groups (control and treatment) for change in mobility of the women with osteoarthritis (OA) over 12 weeks with the results of F(1, 22) = 9.619, p = 0.005. Discuss each aspect of these results. 2. State the null hypothesis for the Baird and Sands (2004) study that focuses on the effect of the GI with PMR treatment on patients’ mobility level. Should the null hypothesis be rejected for the difference between the two groups in change in mobility scores over 12 weeks? Provide a rationale for your answer. 3. The researchers stated that the participants in the intervention group reported a reduction in mobility difficulty at week 12. Was this result statistically significant, and if so at what probability? 4. If the researchers had set the level of significance or α = 0.01, would the results of p = 0.001 still be statistically significant? Provide a rationale for your answer. 5. If F(3, 60) = 4.13, p = 0.04, and α = 0.01, is the result statistically significant? Provide a rationale for your answer. Would the null hypothesis be accepted or rejected? 6. Can ANOVA be used to test proposed relationships or predicted correlations between variables in a single group? Provide a rationale for your answer. 7. If a study had a result of F(2, 147) = 4.56, p = 0.003, how many groups were in the study, and what was the sample size? 8. The researchers state that the sample for their study was 28 women with a diagnosis of OA, and that 18 were randomly assigned to the intervention group and 10 were randomly assigned to the control group. Discuss the study strengths and/or weaknesses in this statement. 9. In your opinion, have the researchers established that guided imagery (GI) with progressive muscle relaxation (PMR) reduces pain and decreases mobility difficulties in women with OA? 10. The researchers stated that this was a 12-week longitudinal, randomized clinical trial pilot study with 28 women over 65 years of age with the diagnosis of OA. What are some of the possible problems or limitations that might occur with this type of study? (Grove 267) Grove, Susan K. Statistics for Health Care Research: A Practical Workbook. W.B. Saunders Company, 022007. VitalBook file. The citation provided is a guideline. Please check each citation for accuracy before use.

Conduct a literature search to locate research articles focused on a practice problem of interest. This literature search should include both quantitative and qualitative peer research articles to support your practice problem or issue of interest in 350-750 words.

Identify six peer research articles which will be utilized through the next 5 weeks as reference sources. Create a reference list in which the six articles are listed. Beneath each reference include the article’s abstract. The completed assignment should have a title page and a reference list with abstracts.

Suggestions for locating qualitative and quantitative research articles from credible sources:

Use a library database such as CINAHL Complete for your search. Using the advanced search page check the box beside “Research Article” in the “Limit Your Results” section. When setting up the search you can type your topic in the top box, then add quantitative or qualitative as a search term in one of the lower boxes. Research articles often are described as qualitative or quantitative. To narrow/broaden your search, remove the words qualitative and quantitative and include words that narrow or broaden your main topic. For example: Diabetes and pediatric and dialysis. To determine what research design was used, review the abstract and the methods section of the article. The author will provide a description of data collection using qualitative or quantitative methods.

Prepare this assignment according to the APA guidelines found in the APA Style Guide, located in the Student Success Center. An abstract is required.

This literature search assignment uses a rubric. Please review the rubric prior to beginning the assignment to become familiar with the expectations for successful completion.

How to write literature review

Literature reviews should comprise the following elements:

• Overview of subject, issue or theory under consideration, along with literature review objectives

• Divide works under review into categories (e.g. support of a position, those against, new ideas)

• Explanation of how each work is similar to and how it varies from the others

• Conclusions best considered in your argument, most convincing, and need for research

In assessing each piece, consideration should be given to:

• Provenance—Author’s credentials? Supported by evidence (e.g. historical, case study, scientific)

• Objectivity—Author’s perspective prejudicial? Is certain pertinent data ignored to prove point?

• Persuasiveness—Author’s theses most/least convincing?

• Value—Author’s arguments and conclusions convincing? Ultimately contribute to the subject?

3. Definition and Use/Purpose -How to write literature review

Literature review may be chapter of a thesis/dissertation, or may be a self-contained review of writings.

• Place each work in context of its contribution to the understanding of the subject under review

• Describe the relationship of each work to the others under consideration

• Identify new ways to interpret, and shed light on any gaps in, previous research

• Resolve conflicts amongst seemingly contradictory previous studies

• Identify areas of prior scholarship to prevent duplication of effort

• Point the way forward for further research

• Place one’s original work in the context of existing literature

The literature review itself, however, does not present new primary scholarship.

Lack of communication in nursing

I can see how this process can be frustrating. As a former night shift nurse, I have witnessed the lack of communication for this shift. Suppose an incident occurred on the night shift related to a changed policy and procedure. Who would be liable if the night shift is not informed of the changes?

Qualitative or quantitative study in nursing

Select either the qualitative or quantitative study method for this assignment. The study method should connect to the practice problem of interest identified in Topic 1. This could be one of the previously selected articles from your literature review or a new peer-reviewed article.

In an essay of 1000-1,250 words, summarize the study, explain the ways in which the findings might be used in nursing practice, and address any ethical considerations associated with the conduct of the study.

Refer to the resource “Research Summary and Ethical Considerations Guidelines” for suggested headings for your paper.

Prepare this assignment according to the APA guidelines found in the APA Style Guide, located in the Student Success Center. An abstract is not required.

This assignment uses a rubric. Please review the rubric prior to beginning the assignment to become familiar with the expectations for successful completion.

You are required to submit this assignment to Turnitin.